riefly describe the concept of steady state in a regular body cell. What is the role of Na+/K+ - ATPase? How this state can be changed in patients with hypokalemia?

What are major factors that determine blood osmolality? The osmolality of 0.9% NaCl is ___________. How is the osmolality different from the molarity?  Also, predict the effect of 1 L of 600 mOsm/L infusion of sucrose on patients RBC’s osmolality and volume, if previous osmolality of RBC’s was 250 mOsm/L, plasma volume – 3.6 L and RBC’s volume – 2.4 L.

During the treatment for COVID-19, one complication includes an increase of CO2 in the lungs. This buildup of CO2 can result in a serious condition called respiratory acidosis if the level of H+ significantly changes. If the pH drops by 1 unit, what has happened to the H+ concentration?

Explain the mechanism how furosemide affects kidney tubules. How does this affect K+ balance? How different is the mechanism of thiazide affect urine production? Describe the process of acid-base regulation in human body.

Hypokalemia can cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.  What is the underlying cause of hypokalemia in DKA and HHNKS?   Question 9 options:   a)  Osmotic diuresis   b)  Prior deficit from poor nutrition   c)  Shift of potassium back into cell due to fluid rehydration   d)  Shift of potassium out of the cell due to correction of metabolic acidosis

A fundamental measure of physiological function capacity is known as?

Renin is secreted in response to hypovolemia or to an increase in the osmolality of the blood. Provide three possible mechanisms by which these conditions may stimulate rennin secretion. What are the consequences of increased rennin secretion that lead to increased aldosterone secretion? Present this sequence of events. Why are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) used as a common therapy for hypertension? How do they influence blood pressure? Are plasma levels of renin elevated or depressed in a patient with Conn’s disease? Why?

Regulation of extracellular potassium is not particularly important because only about two percent of the total body potassium is in the extracellular fluid. TRUE or FALSE

A 5% dextrose is isoosmotic to plasma. What effect would infusion of 1L of a 5% dextrose solution have on ECF and ICF volumes? How it would affect body fluid osmolality of a 70 kg individual and why?

Ca2+ Using Figure 8.1, answer the following questions: 6) What is occurring in Step 2 of the figure above, and how is that process originated? 6) 7) Identify the structures on the postsynaptic membrane that bind with the neurotransmitter 7) in Steps 4 and 6 of the figure above, and indicate their function. 8) In the figure above, the overall function of Steps 6-8, which occur simultaneously, is to 8) 9) Based on the figure, describe the two possible mechanisms whereby Step 5 can occur on the postsynaptic membrane. 9) 10) Based on the figure, identify the structure in Step 6, if this presynaptic neuron is cholinergic. What if the neuron is adrenergic? 10)