Questions are talking about amplification of DNA When we run the gel, we also run a ladder why?

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Gel Electrophoresis Background and Protocol: Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique that separates molecules by size using an electric current.  The test has a positive and negative side.  Do you believe DNA should be loaded on the positive (red) side or the negative (black) side?  Please explain why using scientific reasoning. Will larger DNA bands be closer or farther away from the well where you administered samples?  Why?

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Are both statements true? 1. Heterogeneous RNA is a term that refers to mRNA that has not been processed. 2. If the %A of a bacteria is 20%, the amount of guanine is 30%. Are both statements true? 1. If the %A of a bacteria is 30%, then the % (G+C) of the bacteria is 40% 2. The DNA is plectonemic because one of the strands go in 5' to 3' direction while the other go in the 3 to 5 direction

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Question:- How many different types of alterations in chromosomal numbers are there? -How can I use the F plasmid to introduce the transfer of the URA+ gene from a wild type strain into the ura- mutant strain you isolated in Q5.   -After obtaining the ura- mutant, I want to transform this ura- mutant back to wild type with a DNA sample prepared from the wild type cell. How can I achieve this transformation experimentally?

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