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- QUESTION 1 Match each description to the correct study design. Study designs may be used more than once. ◆ Incidence data is not available with this study design, so an odds ratio is an appropriate measure of association to calculate. ◆ This study design allows for the evaluation of multiple outcomes. ◆ The temporal sequence between the exposure and outcome is clear for this study design; therefore, incidence data is available and a risk ratio can be calculated. ◆ With this study design, exposure status is assessed, and then participants are followed up over time to see who develops the outcome. ◆ Recall bias is a common issue with this study design because exposure information is collected from the past. QUESTION 2 A. Cohort study B. Case-control study Consider the following scenario for the questions that follow. In a recent case-control study, investigators enrolled 300 adults with heart disease and 300 healthy adults. During interviews with the participants, the investigators…QUESTION 7 Match the example with the type of decision-making: v A clinician explains the nature of the patient's illness, outlines the A. Shared-decision making. potential treatments, and explains the positive and negative feature of each potential treatment but does not make a recommendation. B. Informed decision making-informed consent c. Inform of decision v A clinician recommends surgery and discussed with the patient the steps that will occur as well as the potential harms and benefits. He then asks the patient to sign permission to perform surgery. v A clinician draws blood to determine whether or not a patient has diabetes but decides not to worry the patient with the results unless his or her blood sugar level is elevated.QUESTION 36 Which statement below is false about the differences between "hospice" care and "physician-assisted suicide" (PAS)? Hospice care is legal in all U.S. states, but PAS is not. For hospice care a terminal diagnosis of 6-months or less to live, is required, while for PAS a diagnosis of 3-months or less is required. For PAS, a patient must make several requests in writing and orally; with hospice care, a medical diagnosis and referral are enough. In hospice, a team is responsible for patient care, while in PAS, the patient "takes personal responsibility" to take prescribed medicines.
- QUESTION 1 All of the following are examples of what a case definition materials EXCEPT: Surrogate interviews - family and friends give exposure information Signs - objective, clinically verifiable data Medical Tests - objective, scientific data O Symptoms – subjective patient reportsQuestion 9 A DVT (deep vein thrombosis) clinic had 320 persons appearing for lower extremities Doppler ultrasound study. If 48 out of 80 subjects with DVT tested positive for the DVT, and 228 out of 240 without DVT tested negative Calculate the following Sensitivity Specificity False positive False negative Positive predictive value (PPV) What does this PPV mean Negative predictive value (NPV) What does this NPV here mean The prevalence of DVT What is the 2 x 2 contingency table What is the difference between prevalence with regard to PPV and NPV?One of the problems that you are able to identify in the Marquez family is the health condition of Mr. Boy Marquez. He suffered from stroke five (5) months ago and is now bedridden. As you are ranking this health deficit, you evaluated it according to preventive potential, particularly severity and duration of the problem. Which among the following statements is true about these two factors under preventive potential? None of the options listed The duration of the problem has a direct realtionship with the severity of the problem. If the health problem is not severe, the preventive potential is low. The nature of the problem will not in any way affect the direct relationship between severity and duration of the problem.
- QUESTION 34 In the U.S. in 2015, about 5% of all deaths were due to stroke. This statement is an example of which measure? Incidence rate Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) Cause-specific mortality rate Case-fatality rateQuestion: 1) Which of the following statements about injuries is FALSE? Multiple Choice • Intentional injuries are the leading cause of death in the United States. • Unintentional injuries account for more years of potential life lost than any other cause. Officials no longer call events leading to injuries "accidents" because that term suggests events beyond human control. • Injuries are labeled intentional or unintentional depending on whether harm is purposely inflicted.Question 65SavedWhich of the following observations gives support to the ‘cytokine dysregulation’ theory of causation of depression? Question 65 options: Depression is common in infectious and autoimmune diseases Exposure of the CNS to cytokines induces depressive symptoms Some antidepressants have anti-inflammatory properties All of the above support a role for cytokines in depression
- Question 6 In a study that is interested in the possible association between smoking (exposure) and coronary heart disease (CHD) disease. If the investigators begin with 800 people with CHD (cases) and compare them with 1600 controls (people without CHD) is this a case control investigation? Suppose 448 of the 800 cases were smokers and 256 were nonsmokers. Of the 1600 controls, 704 were smokers and 896 were nonsmokers. What is the measure of association in this investigation? How could this be calculated? What does this mean?QUESTION 11 Which of the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) Principles addresses giving people meaningful things to do during the crisis because this will calm anxiety, help restore order, and promote a restored sense of control. Oa. Be Right b. Express Empathy Oc. Promote Action O d. Be First Oe. Be Credible QUESTION 12 Assumption 4 of the Elaboration Likelihood Model states that change achieved through the Central Route of thinking is more enduring and persistent over time. O True O FalseQUESTION:- Community A receives its water from several sources. The water source responsible for causing an outbreak of disease X is unknown. The best evidence to determine which suspected water supply is responsible would be: Question 19 options: a. the identity of the water supply providing water to the largest proportion of cases. b. the relationship between quantity of water consumed and the severity of attack for each individual. c. the identity of the water supply that has the greatest opportunity for contamination during the epidemic. d. the attack rates for disease X in those who did and did not drink from each water supply.