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- Explain what would happen if banks were notified they had to increase their required reserves by one percentage point from, say, 9 to 10 of deposits. What would their options be to come up with the cash?1. Why is there a demand for money and what are the determinants of money demand?2. Why is money demand represented by a downward sloping line in the money market model? What can shift this line?3.What is monetary base and what are its components? How is monetary base related to money supply defined as M1?4.How will a Central Bank monitor if banks are complying with the minimum reserve requirement?A) Explain whether each of the following events increases or decreases the money supply. 1) The State Bank of Pakistan sells bonds in open-market operations. 2) The State Bank of Pakistan increases the reserve requirement. 3) The State Bank of Pakistan reduces the interest rate it pays on reserves. 4) MCB Bank repays a loan it had previously taken from the State Bank of Pakistan. 5) After a rash of pickpocketing, people decide to hold less currency. 6) Fearful of bank runs, bankers decide to hold more excess reserves.
- A) What is fiat money? What is commodity money? Which kind do we use? B) Explain whether each of the following events increases or decreases the money supply. 1) The State Bank of Pakistan sells bonds in open-market operations. 2) The State Bank of Pakistan increases the reserve requirement. 3) The State Bank of Pakistan reduces the interest rate it pays on reserves. 4) MCB Bank repays a loan it had previously taken from the State Bank of Pakistan. 5) After a rash of pickpocketing, people decide to hold less currency. 6) Fearful of bank runs, bankers decide to hold more excess reserves.1. a)True or false and explain: If bank's expectations cause them to reduce lending there will be an unanticipated increase in the money supply. b) Suppose banks have a 20% reserve requirement and hold no excess reserves. Banks have $4500 in reserves and the non-bank private sector holds $1500 in currency. What is the total money supply? What happens to the total money supply if the non-bank private sector deposits $500 of their currency into the banking system? c)Suppose there was only one firm that manufactured wooden barber poles (the red and white striped pole outside barber shops). Would this firm have pure monopoly power? Explain!What is fiat money? Is the U.S. dollar fiat money? Are cryptocurrencies fiat money? What counts as M1 and M2 when it comes to the money supply? What are bank runs and how is deposit insurance designed to prevent runs from occurring? Can you think of a bank that recently experienced a bank run? What is the limit the FDIC will insure up to for checking and savings accounts? What is moral hazard and how is it caused by programs like deposit insurance? Given the idea of moral hazard, do you think deposit insurance help reduce systemic risk or cause more of it?
- 1- What is the difference between commodity money and fiat money? Is there a scenario you can think of that incentivizes individuals to hold commodity money instead of fiat money? 2- Suppose the Fed buys $1 million in Treasury securities from a commercial bank. What effect will this action have on the bank's reserves and the money supply? 3- A bank operates with reserves of $100, loans of $300 and securities of $100. The bank's only liability is deposits of $400 since it has zero debt. Further, assume that the bank's capital equals the difference between 'Assets' and 'Liabilities.' Calculate its leverage ratio. 4- List three actions the Fed can take to increase money supply. Briefly discuss why these actions affect money supply in the first place.1. Which do you think would be more harmful to the economy—an inflation rate that averages 5 percent a year that has a high standard deviation or an inflation rate of 7 percent that has a standard deviation close to zero? 2. Suppose a major bank needs to borrow $20 billion overnight that it cannot obtain from private creditors. The Fed is willing to make a discount loan of $20 billion provided that it will not alter the aggregate supply of reserves to the banking system. How can it do so?1. The growth rate of the money supply in a particular year was 8.5%. What was the growth rate of real GDP if the inflation rate in the same year was 4%? 2. During a recession, the Fed enacts countercyclical policy, by changing the quantity of reserves. To fight recession, how will the Fed adjust the quantity of reserves in the market (to S₁ or S₂)? Explain how the Fed can operationalize that. Fed funds rate () S I 1 I I 1 T I 1 1 1 1 I || I I 1 1 1 1 So I I 1 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I 1 1 J I I 1 1 + I I I I 2 D Quantity of reserves 3. Explain why the zero lower bound is a problem for monetary policy. If there's a recession and the Central Bank is at a zero lower bound, what monetary policies can it pursue to stimulate the economy?
- 1. What are the functions of money? 2. Draw diagrams illustrating the impact on the demand for money, the supply of money and the equilibrium interest rate, of each of the following. Explain what is going on in the money market in each case. (i) The central bank sells securities on the open market (ii) The economy grows (GDP increases) but the central bank moves to keep interest rates constant.Question 3 Part (a) Suppose that your bank's reserve ratio is 0.2 and you deposit $50,000 into the bank. Assume that the bank loans out the maximum amount it can, and people deposit all their money. What is the deposit multiplier? What is the total increase in deposits in the banking system? What is the change in the money supply? Part (b) Graph the demand for and supply of Australian dollars for British Pound. Suppose the Reserve Bank of Australia decides to follow an appropriate monetary policy to contain inflation. Show graphically and explain the effect of this policy on the demand and supply of dollars and the resulting change in the exchange rate of pounds for dollars.5. The simple money multiplier Suppose that the Federal Reserve ("the Fed") buys $150,000 of U.S., government bonds and the required reserve ratio is 0.30. If the assumptions of the simple money multiplier hold, this will the money supply by Which of the following assumptions is necessary for the simple money multiplier to be applicable? The amount of cash people want to hold doesn't change when the money supply changes People's marginal propensity to consume does not rise with income. Borrower default rates are stable. If the correct assumption did not hold, the change in the money supply would be describes why this holds true? than you previously found. Which of the following If people kept some of the new money as cash rather than depositing it in another bank, this cash could not in turn become a bank loan. If people's marginal propensity to consume rose with income, they would save less, removing money from the financial system.
