QUESTION 1 The Wnt signaling pathway component, Dsh, effects the action of B catenin by: O A. inhibiting the function of axin in the destruction complex O B. blocking GSK-3B from joining the destruction complex OC. stimulating ubiquitination of B catenin O D. causing its release into the cytosol from the plasma membrane complex O E. causing an increase in phophorylation of B catenin

Q: A mutation that knocks out the GTPase activity of a G protein would have what effect on a cell? a.…

A: (a) G protein would always be active

Q: TRUE or FALSE [For extra credit, correct False statements] a. Proteins that lack a sorting signal…

A: Signal sequence are the sorting signals that direct the protein to the secretory pathway in…

Q: Receptor downregulation often occurs via endocytosis as a means of turning off a signaling pathway.…

A: After Endocytosis,most membrane proteins and lipids return to the cell surface ,byut some…

Q: that Which of the following observations can be used to conclude that cytochrome c apoptosis is…

A: Answer:  Intracellular signals that blocks apoptosis donot produce cytosolic cytochrome.

Q: Which three amino acid residues can be phosphorylated by kinases? What property do these amino acids…

A: Gene expression in organisms is controlled at various levels like at the level of transcription,…

Q: Which of the following conditions are required for the Eve protein to be expressed in the cells that…

A: Apoptosis is defined as a form or type of programmed cell death that will occur in multicellular…

Q: The first cell type active in the innate response is usually a(n)       A) phagocyte.…

A: The innate immune system is the first line of defence in the body.

Q: At puberty, the adolescent human body undergoes changes in both structure and function of several…

A: Hormones are potent messenger chemicals which transmit information from endocrine glands to specific…

Q: 5. a. Compare the solute concentration outside and inside cell A: Outside = % solute, Inside = %…

A: This is a activity question.

Q: Why has phosphorylation by kinases one of the choice pathways that evolved for signal transduction?…

A: The cells are involved in various functions. The cellular functions are coordinated through signal…

Q: There is an unusually high concentration of phosphatidylcholine on the lumenal side of the ER. What…

A: Phosphatidylcholine is a type of phospholipid and forms a major component of biological membranes.…

Q: What exists as a dimer in which the α-subunit con-tains a trapped and nonhydrolyzable GTP and the…

A: The cytoskeleton in cells is a network of protein fibers composed of microfilaments, intermediate…

Q: Protein Kinase A can phosphorylate different proteins in different cells. Explain the role of AKAP’s…

A: The A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally diverse proteins, which have the…

Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of a G protein-coupled receptor? O A. Can recognize a…

A: Cell signaling is crucial for many physiological processes. It involves the binding of the ligand to…

Q: Explain insulin's signal transduction pathways and trace the pathway of cell signaling from the cell…

A: Insulin is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the b cells in pancreas. It act through a receptor…

Q: Intracellular signaling can cause rapid changes to the structure of the actin cytoskeleton but is…

A: Cell signalling is the process by which complex biochemical and metabolic processes are conducted…

Q: What is allosteric regulation? Describe HOW allosteric regulation acts like an “on/off” switch for…

A: The cell signaling is the communication between cells that requires specific signaling molecules…

Q: Most effects of cAMP in eukaryotic cells are achieved through the activation by cAMP of a single…

A: Most effects of cAMP in eukaryotic cells are achieved through the activation by cAMP of a single…

Q: The Warburg effect is where tumor cells preferentially catabolize glucose to lactate even in the…

A: The Warburg Effect is known as an increase in the rate of glucose uptake and production of lactate,…

Q: Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor can basically be broken…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a group of membrane-bound receptors that act as signal…

Q: True or False Activation of a G protein complex causes a conformational change in the α subunit,…

A: Introduction In the cytoskeleton, microtubules, which are the polymers of alpha- and beta-tubulin,…

Q: Describe how receptors alter the activity of G protein complexes. List three ways in which activated…

A: G is guanine nucleotide binding protein. It is a transmembrane protein.  Signals that can activate…

Q: Which of these is not true about the beta-gamma subunit  of the heterotrimeric G protein often…

A: G-protein coupled receptors are 7 transmembrane proteins. These 7 transmembrane proteins have a…

Q: In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the cancerous white blood cells typically lack the enzyme…

A: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a cancer present in the lymphoid line of blood cells, which is…

Q: Which of the following statements describes the signal amplification that results from activation of…

A: G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) are integral membrane proteins which transmits or converts the…

Q: Sequentially list the signal transduction process from ligand binding to biological response for the…

A: Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of enzymes that cleave the membrane phospholipids at the position…

Q: 45. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)s are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many…

A: The correct statements are: Option d. Only A, B and D.

Q: Identify the missing components and write their names against the numbers 1-7 given below:

A: Introduction The Wnt pathway is a signal transduction pathway that is known for the regulation of…

Q: 5. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is an important enzyme regulating insulin signaling be-…

A: PTP1B enzyme in question catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphorylated tyrosine on Insulin receptor and…

Q: Cholera is an acute, diarrheal disease caused by infection of the intestine with the gram-negative,…

A: Proteins are high molecular weight biomolecules made up of amino acid residues linked via peptide…

Q: You expressed G-protein coupled receptor T (GPCR T) and reconstituted the receptor in a synthetic…

A: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are major classes of cell…

Q: How IRS activate PI3K mediated glucose uptake?

A: The insulin receptor is a hetero-tetrameric protein of the membrane expressed in two identical…

Q: EGTA is a chelating agent that binds to Ca2+ with a high affinity and specificity. An experimenter…

A: An alpha-1 adrenergic receptor is a GPCR type receptor. A GPCR is a transmembrane receptor with 7…

Q: What is the relationship between Warburg effect and oncogenesis? Explain why cancer cells have…

A: Chemoresistance itself has been associated with increases in hexokinase (HK) behaviour due to the…

Q: Some cancers are caused by the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKS). It is known that…

A: Introduction RTKs Are High-Affinity Cell Surface Receptors For A Variety Of Polypeptide Growth…

Q: Which of the following is a correct association? O a. kinase activity and the addition of a…

A: GTPases are a family of hydrolase enzymes that binds to the nucleotide guanosine triphosphate (GTP)…

Q: Please answer question 1 Question 1 In order to prevent a specific event (step) from occurring in…

A: In eukaryotes ranging from yeast to humans, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules…

Q: What is the MAPK signaling pathway? What are the important enzymes and their function within the…

A: •MAPK signaling pathways have also been identified in higher organisms. In mammals, three major…

Q: The following statements about the 'membrane attack complex' (MAC) is incorrect. Explain (i) The…

A: Introduction :- The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a protein…

Q: tcyDTDO is a reactive molecule. A. WHy might this cause a problem in terms of side effects? B. What…

A: tcyDTDO as mentioned, is a reactive molecule which cleaves disulfide bonds to unfold the proteins…

Q: Leukemia is a neoplastic (cancerous) proliferation of white blood cells. Clinicians are currently…

A: Cancer is a basic abnormality of cell division. This abnormal change is brought by various factors;…

Q: Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to…

A: Introduction :  The second messenger or intracellular hormonal mediator that carries information to…

Q: I am stuck on a question about cell growth signaling and RTKs.  If phosphatase is nonfunctional,…

A: Growth factor signaling is mediated by receptor tyrosine kinase mediated pathway. RTK is a…

Q: A strain of mice has been developed that lack the enzyme phosphorylase kinase. Yet, after strenuous…

A: Glycogen is considered as the energy storage for the animal cells because it helps to supply glucose…

Q: In the normal cycle of Ras activity, when Ras is bound to it is inactive. Activation of Ras involves…

A: Ans- In the normal cycle of RAS activity, when RAS bound to GDP it is inactive. Activation of RAS…

Proteins

We generally tend to think of proteins only from a dietary lens, as a component of what we eat. However, they are among the most important and abundant organic macromolecules in the human body, with diverse structures and functions. Every cell contains thousands and thousands of proteins, each with specific functions. Some help in the formation of cellular membrane or walls, some help the cell to move, others act as messages or signals and flow seamlessly from one cell to another, carrying information.  

Protein Expression

The method by which living organisms synthesize proteins and further modify and regulate them is called protein expression. Protein expression plays a significant role in several types of research and is highly utilized in molecular biology, biochemistry, and protein research laboratories.