Protein synthesis occurs in all living cells. Why, then, are some antimicrobial drugs that target protein synthesis selectively toxic to bacteria? The protein synthesis in human cells will only occur inside the nucleus. The ribosomes found in human cells and those found in bacterial cells have different structures. Protein synthesis in bacteria is completed by ribosomes, while protein synthesis in humans is completed by polymerase enzymes. The protein synthesis in human cells occurs less frequently than that in bacterial cells.

Protein synthesis occurs in all living cells. Why, then, are some antimicrobial drugs that target protein synthesis selectively toxic to bacteria? The protein synthesis in human cells will only occur inside the nucleus. The ribosomes found in human cells and those found in bacterial cells have different structures. Protein synthesis in bacteria is completed by ribosomes, while protein synthesis in humans is completed by polymerase enzymes. The protein synthesis in human cells occurs less frequently than that in bacterial cells.

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation

Section9.6: Translation Requires The Interaction Of Several Components

Problem 2EG: Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense...

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Some antimicrobial drugs used to treat bacterial infections disrupt the process of protein synthesis. What could these drugs target? Why would this ultimately lead to cell death?
The antibiotics puromycin and erythromycin are known inhibitors of protein synthesis. (a) Which part of the protein synthesis is affected by each antibiotic? (b) What could be the reason why one of them is more effective than the other one when they are given in the same dose? No plagiarism please. No copy paste. Use own words. Thanks.
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Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?
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Match the antibiotic to its target with bacteria. erythromycin [ Choose ] [Choose ] streptomycin, an aminoglycoside bacterial enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis Bacterial gyrase tetracycline bacterial transpeptidase 70S ribosomes Bacterial RNA polymerase ampicillin Bactrim= trimethoprim + sulfa drug [ Choose ] rifampin [Choose ] ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone [ Choose ] >
You are treating a patient suffering with wound botulism in which Clostridium botulinum grows in a wound and makes a protein exotoxin, botulinum toxin. In addition to surgery to clean the wound and providing botulinum antitoxin, you wish to give the patient antibiotics to stop the protein toxin synthesis immediately. Which of the following antibiotics would you NOT give your patient if you wished to immediately stop bacterial translation? (best answer) O macrolides, e.g. erythromycin O trimethoprim plus sulfa drugs e.g. sulfamethoxazole O chloroamphenicol tetracylines aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicin
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Talk about a antibiotic that inhibits bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis. Explain how these antibiotics interact with the protein synthesis machinery; what part of the protein synthesis machinery do they bind, and do all of these antibiotics bind to the same part of the machinery? How does this work to stop protein synthesis? Explain how it halts protein synthesis. Are these antibiotics bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Why and what does that mean for therapy?
(a) Describe the different stages that process of Protein synthesis. (b) using four examples of antibiotic inhibitors of translation, outlinehow the inhibition occurs.