Prior to entry, the _________ glycoprotein of the HIV virus recognizes the ______ receptor on the surface of the macrophage. a. CCR5; gp120 b. CXCR4; CCR5 c. CD4; CCR5 d. gp120; CD4

Q: Jay, a young dad, takes his baby to the pediatrician several times in the first year of the child’s…

A: To explain: Why the visits of the baby to the pediatrician to stimulate to make memory cells against…

Q: How does HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) lead to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)/lead…

A: Human immunodeficiency viruses causes AIDS.This is the condition where gradual failure of immune…

Q: pattern recognition receptor is cell receptor on a. cytokine b. monocyte c. epitope d. A and B

A: Pattern recognition receptor is found on the cells in our immune system.

Q: Notice the dotted line for a CD4 count of 200. Why is that level important?   A This is the point…

A: HIV and CD4 Count HIV -  human immunodeficiency virus causes Acquired immune deficiency syndrome…

Q: E-cadherin expression is___________ in the ________________cells that are situated around the edges…

A: EMT is the epithelial- mesenchymal transition.  Cells needs cadherins adhesion to other cell.…

Q: Which ONE of the following genes is most likely mutated in T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?…

A: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is an acute leukaemia. It is aggressive and progresses…

Q: Once Tfh cells have been activated against vaccine delivered intramuscularly which Constant (C)…

A: There are five classes of immunoglobulin or antibodies. All these antibodies have variable and…

Q: Which cytokine does not activate NK cells early in a viral infection? a. IFN-a b. IFN-b c. IFN-g d.…

A: Interferon alpha or a is produced due to leukocytes infected with virus. Interferon beta or b…

Q: Although interferons have several effects, they are particularly useful against infections with…

A: Answer is b.)  viruses.

Q: antigen presenting cells are necessary for ___ response to a foriegn antigen a. b lyphocyte b. t…

A: Innate immune responses are not specific while adaptive immune responses are specific immune…

Q: CD4 cells are ___________ cells and CD8 cells are _________ cells.a. killer, suppressor b. helper,…

A: White blood cells (WBCs) play an important role in defending the body against antigens, like…

Q: Antigenic drift refers to: A.The reassortment of genomic segments from different viruses B.Cytotoxic…

A: The immune response or immune reaction is produced by the immune system against the antigen that…

Q: A potential cause of acquired autoimmunity is ________. a. tissue hypersensitivity b. molecular…

A: Autoimmunity can be defined as the immune response of organism against their own healthy tissues.So…

Q: The molecule will bind to a. Viral DNA, CD4 of the T-cells. b. Viral CD4, T-cells. c. Viral gp120,…

A: Microbes including bacteria and viruses can cause infective diseases on the host. They utilize…

Q: Pattern recognition receptors bind to Select one: a. B and T lymphocytes b. Host cell-associated…

A: Introduction Pattern Recognition Receptors are; Toll-like receptors (TLR) Nucleotide-binding…

Q: Which of the following groups are not correctly matched? а. Neutrophils---antigen presenting cell b.…

A: Introduction: An immune system is a huge organization of cells and tissues that is continually…

Q: Bacterial capsules a. kill phagocytes b. prevent engulfment by phagocytes  c. prevent the…

A: The capsule is referred to as a pathogenicity since it increases bacteria's potential to produce…

Q: Identify the mismatched pair. a. CXCR4: lymphocyte tropic b. exogenous retrovirus: originates…

A: C-X-C is a chemokine receptor type iv (CXCR-4) is also commonly referred to as CD184 or fusion. This…

Q: Invading bacteria are recognized by neutrophils, which engulf the bacteria and form a packet within…

A: Neutrophils comprises of around 40% to 70% of the WBC(white blood cells). These are the most…

Q: 14. Predominant cell types involved in the humoral immune response are: A. eosinophils. В.…

A: Answer No 14 -- Humoral Immunity -- There are two types of immune responses             ( i )…

Q: Sumarize the key difference in the invasion of cells by; a. HIV b. Adenovirus c.Anthrax d.…

A: A virus is an extremely small organism made up of a collection of genetic code and surrounded by a…

Q: HIV can be treated with therapy, but there is a growing in the level of innate  immune activation…

A: Inanate immune system constitute first line of defense to HIV virus, paatern of association is the…

Q: The high degree of mutation in HIV, the accumulation of variant viruses, and the development of…

A: The viruses having RNA as their main genetic material are known as the retrovirus. These viruses…

Q: A single antigen molecule contains multiple ________

A: The antigens are molecules/proteins that are present on the surface of a micro-organism. Certain…

Q: _______ involves successive rearrangement at the lightchain loci when reactivity to self antigen…

A: Answer is a.) Receptor Editing.

Q: a cytokint storm is an overproduction of immune cells and their activating compounds- cytokines can…

A: Cytokine storm or hypercytokinemia is the physiological response of an animal's innate immunity…

Q: When virus enters into our body, many cells acquire antiviral state due to: a Acquiring resistance…

A: When virus enters our body many cells acquire antiviral state due to INTERFERON PRODUCTION (e)

Q: Barriers to using pig organs in human transplantation are _____. (Select all that apply.) a. the…

A: Graft rejection is one of the major problems in xenotransplantation. It is important to understand…

Q: Viral antigens appear on the surface of the infected cell in association with which of the following…

A: Answer is d.)MHC-II complex.

Q: Which factor binds to the C3 convertase to form the C5 convertase for all three pathways     A. C3a…

A: Compliment system is the way to destroy antigen by activating some compliment protein found in the…

Q: All of the following statements about polioviruses are correct except _____. a. Poliovirus…

A: Poliovirus is the causative agent of poliomyelitis, also known as polio. It is a human enterovirus…

Q: Explain HIV is so difficult to treat. Why antiviral medication is a cocktail/mixture of different…

A: Ans. HIV-Hummanimmuni deficiency virus. It leads to AIDS and attacks the body's immune system.…

Q: Which of the following is a trait that both HPV and HIV share? A.Both have an RNA genome B.Both…

A: HPV and HIV both integrate into the host genome to affect the host.

Q: Molecular mimicry is when ____ on host cells resemble _____ on pathogens causing host to mount an…

A: Microorganisms have evolved novel survival methods to flourish in their hosts during the process of…

Q: Imagine you have developed a drug that you believe will act to prevent internalization of CD36.  How…

A: Introduction :- Drugs are the chemical compounds, which acts as a ligand and binds to their specific…

Q: All of the following contribute to the establishment and maintenance of long-lived memory B cells…

A: B cells are lymphocytes which are important for the adaptive immune system's humoral defense…

Q: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing of virus infected target cells DIRECTLY depends on which of the…

A: Introduction: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill virus-infected target cells through the release of…

Q: Human genome-wide genetic association (GWAS) studies have identified several genetic polymorphisms…

A: HIV is a virus that is known to damage the immune system of an infected person. The human…

Q: Notice the comment that after treatment your CD4 count should rise. Why does treatment allow CD4s to…

A: CD4 are white blood cells that fights pathogens and is essential part of immune system.The number of…

Q: of the choices, which cells stimulate directly B cells to divide and produce antibodies? a. mast…

A: The immune system provides defense against invading pathogens. It is a complex network of cells,…

Q: The MHC structure is critical for... a. Natural Killer Cells to identify healthy cells b. T cells…

A: MHC is a protein that plays a crucial role in presenting the antigens and then clearing the antigens…

Q: Which of the following are pattern recognition receptors? A, receptors for interferons B. lymphocyte…

A: Various PRRs can be secreted by cells, and bind straightforwardly to invading micro organisms. A few…

Q: If B cells making high-affinity IgG4 are unable to switch to IgE at a late stage in the germinal…

A: Helminths are parasites that cause several infections.