PRICE (Dollars perton) 8 81 72 63 54 45 30 27 18 9 0 Demand 020 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 QUANTITY (Millions of tons) Graph Input Tool Daily Demand for Pollution Rights Price (Dollars per ton) Quantity Demanded (Millions of tons) 180 Suppose the government has determined that the socially optimal quantity of chemical pollution is 140 million tons per day. One way governments can charge firms for pollution rights is by imposing a per-unit tax on emissions. A tax (or price in this case) of S of chemicals emitted will achieve the desired level of pollution. Corrective taxes Tradable permits (?) Now suppose the U.S. government does not know the demand curve for pollution and, therefore, cannot determine the optimal tax to achieve the desired level of pollution. Instead, it auctions off tradable pollution permits. Each permit entitles its owner to emit one ton of chemicals per day. To achieve the socially optimal quantity of pollution, the government auctions off 140 million pollution permits. Given this quantity of permits, the price for each permit in the market for pollution rights will be 5 The previous analysis hinges on the government having good information regarding either the demand for pollution permits or the optimal level of pollution (or both). Given that the appropriate policy (tradable permits or corrective taxes) can depend on the available information and the policy goal, consider the following scenario. An environmental study conducted in a particular city suggests that if a chemical plant emits more than 30 million tons of chemicals each year, the water supply will become contaminated beyond the point where filtration techniques can make it safe for drinking. If this is all the information the government has, which solution to reduce pollution is appropriate? Check all that apply. per ton

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BN12.2 (a) Case: The market for dry cleaning is reflected by the demand and supply curves (Q is in thousands): Pa = 5-Q Ps= 2+2Q Producing dry cleaning creates ground water pollution with a constant marginal external cost of 1.2. Question: (a) Sketch a graph that shows the Dsoc, Spriv, Ssoc, Qopt (societal perspective) and DWL in an unregulated market (No need to label the values in the graph)?

Describe the key symmetry between a pollution emissions tax and an emissions trading scheme. Outline some reasons you might wish to choose one approach in favour of the other when dealing with an emissions-reduction problem.

Only typed answer  You are an industry analyst that specializes in an industry where the market inverse demand is P = 100 - 3Q. The external marginal cost of producing the product is MCExternal = 6Q, and the internal cost is MCInternal = 14Q.   Instruction: Round your answers to the nearest two decimal places.   a. What is the socially efficient level of output?   units     b. Given these costs and market demand, how much output would a competitive industry produce?   units     c. Given these costs and market demand, how much output would a monopolist produce?   units     d. Which of the following are actions the government could take to induce firms in this industry to produce the socially efficient level of output.   Instructions: You may select more than one answer. Click the box with a check mark for the correct answers and click twice to empty the box for the wrong answers. You must click to select or deselect each option in order to receive full credit. Pollution taxes…

4 This is a graph reprinted from Section 12.1 the Economics of Pollution. Please explain the graph with particular attention paid to why there are two supply curves. How can a government use this graph to establish pollution controls?

Consider a firm that emits pollution into the air. Suppose that the marginal damage costs associated with the emissions are given by MDC -15+ 4 c, where e is the quantity of the emissions. The firm's marginal costs of abatement are given by (a) (b) 390 (c) MAC 1200 - 20 c. Determine the quantity of emissions that the firm would discharge in the absence of government policy. Determine the socially efficient level of emissions. Calculate the total costs to society for both a and b and draw a diagram illustrating these costs.

$ 15 7 0 Marginal Control Costs A 50 0 150 Marginal Damages 250 Emissions (tons) | What is the benefit to society from reducing emissions from 250 tons to 150 tons?

No hand written solution Afirm has an industrial plant that emits pollutants into a town’s lake. The plant’s marginal abatement function is MAC= 200 – 0.5E and damages caused by its emissions are given by MD = 2E where emissions are in kg. per day. What is the socially efficient level of emissions from this plant? Illustrate this in a graph.   As an incentive to reduce emissions to the socially efficient level, government offers to pay the firm for each kg. of emissions it abates per day from this plant.   What subsidy per kg. should the government offer? If the plant abates to the socially efficient level of emissions, what total subsidy payment would the firm receive? Identify the area in your graph. How much better or worse off would the firm be compared to if it did no abating? Identify the area in your graph. What would be the net benefit to society if we pay the firm to reduce the plant’s emissions to the socially efficient level? Identify this area in your graph.

In the graph below, circle the efficient level of emissions.