perosmotic compared to other body fluids. Describe in detail how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyp
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The mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by producing urine that is hyperosmotic compared to other body fluids.
Describe in detail how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyperosmotic filtrate.
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- The mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by producing urine that is hyperosmotic compared to other body fluids. Describe in detail how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyperosmotic filtrate.The mammalian kidney contains an immense network of nephrons that functions to conserve water by producing urine that is hyperosmotic compared to other body fluids. Explain how the transport epithelia of the nephron and collecting duct are able to use transport mechanisms to process the filtrate as it moves through the vessels and produce a hyperosmotic filtrate.Epithelial cells that reabsorb solutes are cuboidal, but epithelial cells involved in filtration are thin, squamous cells. The cuboidal cells contain more cytoplasm and organelles, especially mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), than the squamous cells. Why do the cuboidal cells of the kidney tubules need more mitochondria and RER?
- In a short essay (100–150 words), compare how membrane structures in the loop of Henle and collecting duct of the mammalian kidney enable water to be recovered from filtrate in the process of osmoregulation.The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and secreted via transport proteins in the renal tubules, but it is NOT reabsorbed. The lines on the following graph represent filtration, secretion and excretion rates of this drug at various plasma concentrations. For the three lines shown (labeled A-C) identify which line represents filtration, which line represents secretion, and which line represents excretion Explain how you determined this.Explain how the cycling of sodium chloride between the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle in the mammalian kidney, and special permeability of these tubules, produces high osmotic concentrations in interstitial fluids in the kidney medulla. Explain the role of urea in producing high osmotic concentrations in the intersti-tial fluid of the medulla.
- the process that initiates urine formation in most types of vertebrates is ultrafiltration of fluid from the blood plasma into kidney tubules under the force of blood pressure. What properties of the blood plasma in the urine-forming structures of the kidney are likely to affect the rate of ultrafiltration into the kidney tubules? Why is failure of urine production a potential side effect of heart disease?Draw a schematic diagram showing the flow of water and salts in the proximal tubule of the kidney. In this diagram, put the lumen on the left side of the diagram and the extracellular fluids on the right side of the diagram. Indicate where the lumen is, where the extracellular fluid is, where the apical portion of the cell is, and show the location of the proteins that are responsible for the movement of water and salts and glucose reabsorption in this area of the kidneyCompare the processes of reabsorption and secretion in terms of transporters involved. Is all reabsorption and/or secretion in the kidneys an active process?
- Although the kidneys are probably best known as filtration organs, tubular reabsorption (the second step of urine formation in a nephron) actually reclaims molecules that have already been filtered from the blood. Describe the tubular reabsorption process, including the structures and molecules involved, and explain why these molecules need to be reabsorbed. please helpConsidering the distal convoluted tubule of the amphibiannephron, explain how changes in the permeability of the tubulewall to water affect the amount of pure, osmotically free waterexcreted in the urine. Define what is meant by pure, osmoticallyfree water.The functional unit of the mammalian kidney is similar to a piece of dialysis tubing. Quantities of blood plasma that contain dilute amounts of the waste product urea are filtered into the nephron. The concentration of urea in the developing urine is increased by moving water from inside the nephron to the outside. Urea is a larger molecule than water, and unlike water, cannot pass through the membrane of the nephron. Imagine you have been given a piece of dialysis tubing that simulates the nephron membrane, a dilute solution of urea in water, and a beaker of salt water. Applying the concepts and methods used in this investigation, describe how you could concentrate the dilute solution of urea. You can use a drawing to help explain your ideas.