5. Patients suffering from Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) can carry a mutation in one ofseveral genes. Two of these genes are ApoB and PCSK9.6a. Diagram the normal cholesterol sensing pathway for a healthy person. This should befocused on the molecules that handle cholesterol and that regulate cholesterolproduction, NOT on patient symptoms.b. On your diagram indicate where a mutation in Apoß disrupts cholesterol sensing. Thenwrite a paragraph or two explaining how cholesterol sensing is specifically disrupted inpatients with an Apoß mutation.c. On your diagram indicate where a mutation in PCSK9 disrupts cholesterol sensing. Thenwrite a paragraph or two explaining how cholesterol sensing is specifically disrupted inpatients with PCSK9 mutation.Ain cancers. One approach focuses on the

LDL carries cholesteryl esters within it. LDL thereby transports cholesterol (in the form of…

Answered: Patients suffering from Familial…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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What is the purpose of A kinase–associated proteins (AKAPs)? Describe how AKAPs work in heart muscle cells.
A hormone signals through a G protein-coupled receptor as shown in the diagram. After the production of IP3, which of these events will MOST quickly stop the transduction of the signal? A. the hydrolysis of IP3 B. the hydrolysis of GTP C. the hydrolysis of PIP2 D. the hydrolysis of the hormone I believe the answer is (B) the hydrolysisof GTP, because the G protein becomes inactive after GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP. However, the solution provided by Bartleby is (C). Please explain. Thanks
A contributing factor to the development of arthritis is the inappropriate proteolytic destruction of the aggrecan component of cartilage by the proteolytic enzyme aggrecanase. The immune system signal molecule interleukin 2 (IL-2) activates aggrecanase; in fact, IL-2 blockers are sometimes used to treat arthritis. Studies were undertaken to determine whether inhibitors of aggrecanase could counteract the effects of IL-2. Pieces of cartilage were incubated in media with various additions and the amount of aggrecan destruction was measured as a function of time. What is the effect of adding IL-2 to the system? Aggrecan degradation remains the same. Aggrecanase activity is greatly reduced. Aggrecan degradation is greatly reduced. Aggrecan degradation is greatly enhanced. What is the response when an aggrecanase inhibitor is added in addition to IL-2? O Aggrecan degradation remains the same as when IL-2 was added. Aggrecan degradation completely stops. Aggrecan degradation is reduced to…
Suppose that Protein J which is a hypothetical protein kinase receptor was determined to be related to the progression of cancer through its activation. It was also determined that the protein exists in the active and inactive forms. The said active form is highly similar to the Protein K's conformation. Ligands A, B, and C, which are lead inhibitor compounds, were optimized to inhibit Protein J. The affinities of the ligands are shown in the table. Kp values Active Protein J Inactive Protein J Protein K Ligand A 10 mM 20 nM 5 mM Ligand B 20 nM 10 mM 15 nM Ligand C 20 nM 15 nM 15 nM Question: Describe the relative binding affinities of Ligand A to Protein K and to the active and inactive forms of Protein J. Determine which will Ligand A bind with the highest, medium, and lowest affinity.
Imagine a disease that involves reduced expression of receptor X. There is no concentration of full agonist that can restore receptor X signaling back to normal levels. Explain how an allosteric modulator may be used to help in this situation.
In a clinical study, it was found that copaiba essential oil positively regulated multiple signaling pathways in neuronal cells. These included the following signaling pathways which regulate neuronal metabolism, proliferation and immunity: (Select all that apply.) Choose at least one answer. a. AMPK b. pI3K/Akt/mTOR c. MAPK d. JAK/STAT
A biotech company develops a biosensor that measures the presence of proteins activated by growth factor signaling cascades. Which binding domain would you use to each of the following activation peptides or signaling molecules. Phosphotyrosine A. SH2 Domain A peptide with the sequence Arg-Ala-Pro-Pro-Leu- B. Bromodomain Pro C. 14-3-3 Domain ◆ Phosphatidyl inositol Triphosphate (PIP3) Phosphoserine Acetylated Lysine D.PH Domain E. SH3 Domain
Suppose that Protein J which is a hypothetical protein kinase receptor was determined to be related to the progression of cancer through its activation. It was also determined that the protein exists in the active and inactive forms. The said active form is highly similar to the Protein K's conformation. Ligands A, B, and C, which are lead inhibitor compounds, were optimized to inhibit Protein J. The affinities of the ligands are shown in the table. Kp values Active Protein J Inactive Protein J Protein K Ligand A 10 mM 20 nM 5 mM Ligand B 20 nM 10 mM 15 nM Ligand C 20 nM 15 nM 15 nM Question: a. Which of the ligands, based on the table, may be expected to be the most potent or have the highest activity against cancer? Explain. b. Which of the ligands, based on the table, may be expected to be least toxic to normal cells? Explain.
The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is a reversible reaction as shown below. The ΔG for the reaction is ±30.5 kJ/mol. ΔG = ± 30.5 kJ/mol GTP + H2O GDP + Pi a) Which signalling pathway in the above diagram utilizes this forward reaction? (mTOR pathway, Hippo pathway, Both pathways, or Neither pathway) b) Which protein possesses this enzymatic activity within that pathway?
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes a key step in glycolysis. This enzyme is composed of three distinct subunits, muscle (M), liver (L) and platelet (P), which are expressed in different tissues. Mature human muscle contains exclusively the M isoform, while red blood cells express both M & L subunits. PFK gene mutations lead to M protein deficiency, intolerance to vigorous exercise and may lead to hemolytic anemia (Tarui disease). Which of the following can you conclude from the above information? Select all that apply. The muscle cells will be able to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen U There may be a total lack of PFK activity in muscle O The red blood cells will be able to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen U Hemolytic anemia may be due to instability of the L subunits in red blood cells
All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT: Kinases use ATP to add a phosphate to specific residues of target proteins. In muscle cells, active PKA leads to glycogen synthesis O PKA catalytic domains must be released by the regulatory domains before they are active CAMP binds the regulatory subunits of PKA Removal of phosphate groups can take place by specific phosphatase enzymes O PKA is a Ser/Thr kinase.

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