Q: Distinguish between presynaptic & postsynaptic neurons and between axodendritic, axosomatic…
A: Synapse also called neuronal junction, the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between…
Q: Compare (consider both similarities and differences), contrast, and give the physiological…
A: Comparison between electrical and chemical synapses are: Electrical synapses are direct connections…
Q: Diagram and label the basic features of a neuron,indicating where information is received and where…
A: Neurons are an essential component of the nervous system whose function is to transmit information…
Q: Sometimes diverging circuits split into excitatory and inhibitory paths. When might such a circuit…
A: Neural Circuits The synaptic connection has different patterns between neuronal pools. They are…
Q: From the figures describe: (i) (ii) What is the relative value for that monkey, 1A=2B. What is the…
A: The transduction of environmental signals and internal body signals into neural activity patterns as…
Q: Explain how the resting membrane potential is established and maintained in neurons.
A: BASIC INFORMATION NEURON It is the longest cell inside the human body It is found in the brain…
Q: Identify and describe the four functional neuron segments, including the distribution of channels…
A: While neurons share a ton practically speaking with different kinds of cells, they're basically and…
Q: 1.show that the Mcculloch_Pitts formal model of a neuron may be approximated by a sigmoidal…
A: we are answering forts question only for rest of question pls repost.
Q: Compare impulse conduction in myelinated andunmyelinated neurons.
A: Neuron -- Neurons are electrically excitable cells in the human bodies that communicate with other…
Q: Discuss the mechanisms by which the SCN synchronises circadian rhythms in the periphery
A: Circadian rhythm is referred to as the sleep-wake cycle. This cycle is repeated every 24 hours for…
Q: Explain how the sodium–potassium pump and the properties of the membrane lead to the resting…
A: Sodium-Potassium pump is an active transport mechanism, which takes place in the cell membrane of…
Q: Suppose you placed an isolated neuron in a solution similar toextracellular fluid and later…
A: A neuron's resting membrane potential is around -70 mV (mV = millivolt)thismeans the neuron's inside…
Q: What happens at the nodes of Ranvier in a myelinated axon?
A: Introduction: Myelinated axons have microscopic gaps within them called nodes of Ranvier. These gaps…
Q: The extracellular sodium [Na+]0 is reduced in the saline bath. Following another current injection…
A: Polar large size molecules (glucose, amino acids) and Ions (Na+, H+,k+, Ca+) can't pass…
Q: Discuss the Growth and Development of Neurons?
A: Neurons are the information messengers and use chemical signals, electrical impulses to transmit…
Q: Make an illustration that discusses the Polarized state (mV inside the neuron, ions present/abundant…
A: Neuron like any other cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane which is Semi permeable that is it…
Q: Excitatory neurons A and B both synapse with neuron C. Neuron A releasesa neurotransmitter, and…
A: The junction between two neurons is known as a synapse and when a neuron reaches its action…
Q: Explain summation of EPSPs and IPSPs and the relationship to the initiation of an action potential.
A: The neuromuscular junctions exert stronger effects than the postsynaptic effects generated due to…
Q: Describe how different post-synaptic potentials can be summated on a single neuron to determine if…
A: Synapse is a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to another neuron or an…
Q: Describe the relationships among myelin, the neurilemma,and nodes of Ranvier.
A: Neuron is the cell which interacts with each other through the special connections known as…
Q: Describe the various division of human Nervous system. Draw and describe the various parts of a…
A: The nervous system is the part of physiology that controls and coordinates all body movements i.e…
Q: Describe the role of neurotransmitters in the function of neurons.
A: The nervous system is one of the major control systems in our body which plays a major role in…
Q: Which ion concentration relationship is true when a neuron is at rest? (Select all that apply) More…
A: When a neuron is not sending a signal it is at 'rest'. During the rest state, all the voltage-gated…
Q: Compare and contrast calcium, sodium, and potassium ion channels used in neurons.
A: Ions are charged species which are nessesry for neuronal communications . Thier movement helps in…
Q: Describe how depolarization occurs along an unmyelinated neuronal axon
A: Propagation of action potential leads to the depolarization of neuron.
Q: What determines whether optogenetic stimulation excites a neuron or inhibits it?
A: The genetic technique in which the researcher can stimulate or terminate the neuron activity using…
Q: Identify the four different types of neuronal pools, and explain how they function.
A: The nervous system is a complex system of nerves and specialised cells known as neurons. The nervous…
Q: Distinguish between convergence and divergence in a neuronal pool.
A: The term neuronal pool refers to the group of nerve cells that receive and transmit information via…
Q: If an axon ([Na+]in = 200 mM) is bathed in solution consisting of [Na+]out = 10 mM, will there be an…
A: Action potentials are nothing but the electrical impulses that transmit signals around the body.…
Q: With respect to the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar & multipolar): State which…
A: The neurons are basic working units of the brain. They are specialized cells within the nervous…
Q: describe the events of neuron depolarization and repolarization
A: The action potential is referred to as the process in which there occurs variation within the…
Q: Describe what happens in the "All or None" response, including terms such as depolarization,…
A: The principle all- or - none states that the responses of the nerve cells or muscle fiber are not…
Q: Explain the effects of neurotransmitter binding toreceptors in a chemical synapse
A: Neurotransmitters are the body's chemical messengers. The first neurotransmitter was acetylcholine.…
Q: Describe the two surgical experiments on chick embryos that showed target cells are (a) necessary…
A: Embryonic stem cells ESC sare stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a…
Q: Cells that insulate and speed impulse conduction between neurons in the pns are
A: The nervous system is a complex system of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons. The nervous…
Q: Describe how the two phases of repolarization reset the neuronal axon to be depolarized again
A: Repolarization is a phase of an activity potential where the cell experince an abatement of voltage…
Q: Enumerate and explain the features that lead to differential nerve impulse conductance in a bare…
A: Humans have a well-developed nervous system that helps in the transportation of signals from one end…
Q: Distinguish between saltatory nerve signal conduction in myelinated axons versus unmyelinated
A: Saltatory conduction is a form of nerve impulse conduction in which the action potentials are…
Q: Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body.
A: Introduction In multicellular organisms there is a specialised control and coordination between all…
Q: Indicate the specific events that are occurring at 1,2,3 and 4. B. At which area of the graph are…
A: We are allowed to do upto three subpart of a question please repost the undone question again. Thank…
Q: Explain why myelinated axons can propagate (spread) action potentials faster than unmyelinated…
A: The axons of many neurons have a segmented white insulating cover over it. This is called the myelin…
Q: Explain what is represented in the image (neuron) in five sentences or less
A: Neuron It is the cell which can carry stimulus in the form of electrical impulses to the brain and…
Q: The following graph shows that if a neuron is depolarized briefly and then hyperpolarized slightly,…
A: In nerve cells, Na+ is important for generation of the action potential. As the Na+ current is…
Q: Distinguish between the myelination process carried out by neurolemmocytes in the PNS and by…
A: The nervous system of humans is generally classified into the central and peripheral nervous…
Q: Indicate the specific events that are occurring at 1,2,3 and 4. B. At which area of the graph are…
A: Action potentials are nerve messages. Neurons produce and convey these signals through their…
Q: What is the main mechanism contributing to the absolute refractory period in neurons:
A: Introduction: The neuron, a specialized cell that transmits information to other nerve cells, muscle…
Outline two mechanisms by which information flow
between two neurons in an adult can increase.
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Describe the conditions of a neuron at rest in terms of the RMP; concentration gradients for Na+, K+, Cl– along the entire neuron and Ca2+ at the synaptic knob; and the state of the gated channels.An effector neuron is a motor neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to an effector (muscle or gland).In an experiment, it was determined that the effector neuron for muscle fibre 1 had a threshold level of –5 mV. The effector neuron for muscle fibre 2 had a threshold level of –16 mV. An electrical probe was used to stimulate these two effector neurons of the muscle fibres. Which of the following rows correctly identifies the reaction of each muscle fibre based on the applied stimulus voltage? Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –20 mV Relaxed Contracted b. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –20 mV Contracted Relaxed c. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –10 mV Contracted Relaxed d. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 –10 mV Relaxed ContractedDescribe the molecular machinery required for neurotransmitter release at the synapse
- Which of the following would you NOT expect with respect to variation in neural conduction velocity? Neural conduction speed increases over developmental time as Schwann cells synthesize myelin sheaths, insulating neurons Neural conduction velocity is higher in invertebrate species with insulating sheaths functionally equivalent to vertebrate myelin Neurons and species with larger axon diameters should have greater conduction velocities Neural networks with greater serial processing (i.e., lines of connecting neurons) should have greater neural conduction velocities. The thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine and thyroxine) have a range of roles in regulating growth and metabolism. Thyroid hormones act throughout the body to regulate protein synthesis, long bone growth, and neural maturation. This represents an ______ effect of thyroid hormones. At the same time, through some unknown mechanism, application of thyroid hormones results in an immediate reduction in body temperature, which…Predict the effect of the poison ouabain (way-BAH-in), which blocks Na+/K+ pumps, on the neuronal action potential. (Hint: What would happen to the sodium and potassium ion gradients?)Explain IN DETAIL the processes of synaptic transmission and summation, including the roles of calcium ions, neurotransmitters, degradation enzymes, graded potentials, EPSPs and IPSPs, and various types of cellular connections (axoaxonal, axodendritic, axosomatic, etc.) Include a description of how temporal and spatial summation affect the outcome of the summation process
- Briefly describe, in the correct sequence, the events thatoccur in synaptic transmission.What effect would you expect an antagonist that targets the voltage sensing domain of perisynaptic calcium channels of an inhibitory interneuron have on the firing frequency of a finically active neuron that interneuron synapses onto? Explain in detailsIf all the Ca2+ in the fluid surrounding a neuron were removed, how would this affect the transmission of information within and between neurons?
- Identify and describe the composition and function of a myelinsheathSummarize neuron communication from the moment of receptor stimulation to the response of an effector, such as a muscle fiber, and define neurotransmitter, resting membrane potential, and current. Define electrochemical gradients and the term “polarized”, and describe the electrochemical basis of the resting membrane potential including the function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential. Describe graded potentials including hyperpolarizing and depolarizing graded potentials. Describe action potentials (nerve impulses) including: Thresholds All-or-none principle Phases of action potential generation Refractory periodDraw details of the repolarization phase of an action potential from the following descriptions of the sequences of AfterHyperPolarization (AHP) and AfterDePolarization (ADP) sequences. Make the distinct phases clear and noticeable (5 % each) A complex AHP consisting of a first component AHP, an ADP, and a second component AHP before repolarization to resting membrane potential a first fast AHP component, followed by a slower AHP, followed by a fast ADP, and a second late AHP component before repolarization to rest