Outline the concept of HERD IMMUNITY and explain how it played a role in the Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918

Q: Describe the major steps in the vaccine production process.

A: Introduction Vaccines are medicines that we take outside of our bodies to help us generate…

Q: .How do biological characteristics of airborne diseases impact the H1N1 or swine flu outbreak of…

A: Introduction :  Initially, the H1N1 virus that causes swine flu could only infect pigs. The only…

Q: Give evidence and examples to show the reasons why the Spanish flu spread rapidly.   What did…

A: The Spanish flu refers to the influenza-type illness that affected the global population in…

Q: Explain the role of LPS in pathogenesis

A: Pathogenesis refers to the chain of even that lead to the development of a disease. Pathogenesis…

Q: Give an immunological explanation as to why people can getinfluenza every year even though they have…

A: Immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defense to…

Q: what is the key role of fundamental of infection control subject in general population?

A: Infection prevention and control is concerned with preventing the spread of infection in a hospital…

Q: Name at least two diseases that have been eradicated due to immunization.

A: Certain diseases can be fatal and highly severe. Since of how quickly they spread, it is important…

Q: How hand sanitizer can help us to keep our hand clean especially during COVID-19 pandemic?

A: There is no proof that liquor based hand sanitizers and other antimicrobial items are not good. They…

Q: Describe several components of pathogens that are involved inmicrobial adhesion.

A: Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or…

Q: What is the most effective type of vaccine and the preferred mode of entry? Why?

A: In the question, it is asked about the most effective type of vaccine and preferred way of entry.…

Q: What is the reason behind immunodeficiency in SCID ?

A: SCID  is a Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder that occurs due to deficiency of both B and T…

Q: In which of the following cases would treating a patient with an antiserum (purified antibodies) be…

A: Antiserum  Antiserum is extracted from the animals blood like rabbit or horse to treat specific…

Q: Tetanus is caused by the bacteria, Clostridium tetani, that enter the body through wounds in the…

A: Clostridium tetani is a Gram-positive soil bacterium. It is rod-shaped and measures up to 2.5 μm…

Q: Describe how both active and passive immunization can be used to combat tetanus.

A: Injecting the antibodies into the systemic circulation is the process involved in artificially…

Q: Discuss the effects of several virulence factors that help microbesinvade hosts and evade host…

A: Pathogen also known as disease-causing biological agents are the organisms that can cause disease or…

Q: 04. Which vaccine is not administered to children known to have AIDS a) BCG b) OPV c) Measles d) All…

A: Public health interventions like vaccination prevent infectious diseases. It involves giving a…

Q: Explain the connection between plaque formation and lytic bacteriophage.

A: Viruses are obligate parasites and multiply only inside the host cells.

Q: Why has the success of fecal transplants in treatingC. difficile infection encouraged the…

A: The gut microbiome is a collection of microbes present inside the gut of a human individual. The…

Q: Integrate leukocyte distribution within the host with host resistance

A: Introduction  Immunity: it is the property/capability of our system to fight against the harmful…

Q: Describe antigenic drift and antigenic shift and discuss how they affect the epidemiology of…

A: Antigenic drift, random mutation of an infective agent leading to minor changes(mutation) in…

Q: Enlist four classes of grafts and also explain the host versus grafts versus host disease…

A: The human body has about 37 trillion cells in total, although a significant portion of them are…

Q: Discuss host responses to infectious disease agents. Be sure to include herd immunity as a community…

A: The immune response of the host is sophisticated and effective at preventing bacterial infection and…

Q: bronchitis.

A: 1 -Recurrent Respiratory Infections Recurrent respiratory infections are common in adults but may…

Q: Write down the limitations to the traditional mode of vaccine production.

A: Prevention of disease by vaccination is the most significant achievements of the mankind. Vaccine…

Q: Describe the properties of nonviral infectious particles.

A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…

Q: A clinic received a child of 5 years with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis. Staphylococcus was found…

A: Staphylococcus aureus, gram-positive cocci that move to the lungs through the blood from other…

Q: Compare and contrast the virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus…

A: Streptococcal infections more dangerous than staphylococcal infections as the former can cause acute…

Q: What are the basic immunological principles behind PEP with rabies immune globulin and the rabies…

A: Introduction: Rabies is a viral infection that can be avoided by staying away from a rabid animal.…

Q: Eradication of some communicable diseases is possible. Two things are needed. What are they and why…

A: It is a disease condition that can spread from one person to other. It can also spread from animal…

Q: Resistance to antimicrobial agents is more commonly seen in hospital-acquired infections with…

A: Bacteria acquire drug resistance and spread within their population. Drug resistance in bacteria…

Q: Vaccine against Streptococcus Pneumoniae can reduce incidence of?

A: Vaccine  can be defined as a non - virulent preparation of antigenic material that can be used to…

Q: Identify about the Qualities of an effective vaccine.

A: The immune system protects our body from infections.

Q: c- Location of genetie information (DNA) Q2/ Match the phrase(s) in List 'A' with the favourable…

A: In the given question we have name of some bacteria , organs in list A and we have to match them…

Q: In February the WHO reported several cases of farm workers being infected with the bird flu…

A: H5N8 - The H stands for one of the 16 different hemagglutinin proteins contained in a virus that…

Q: does erythema migrants initial rash that is formed in the area where tick has transferred Borrelia…

A: A disease is a state of unhealthiness of the physical body, mind and social interaction. A disease…

Q: Explain whether the microbiota transplantation is so effective.

A: The microbial species that live in the human gut have positive effects on health. These microbial…

Health Epidemiology

Health is an essential factor for all human beings. For all humans, health is a critical factor. An individual's ability to meet life's challenges and retain his or her capacity for optimal functioning is reflected in his or her condition of health. This needs the physical, mental, and biological parts of one's constitution to maintain a degree of functioning that has a favorable influence and support for one another.