Describes two ways that influenza virus changes every year , requiring development of new vaccines?

Q: Describe the major steps in the vaccine production process.

A: Introduction Vaccines are medicines that we take outside of our bodies to help us generate…

Q: Qu8. Consider the following HIV/AIDS disease model. d = μ(K-S) - BSI = BSI - (h+u)AII? =hE-(k+u)BAA?…

A: AIDS(Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by a retrovirus called HIV(Human immunodeficiency…

Q: List the targets of antiviral drugs and their modes of action. Whatis the strategy behind taking…

A: Virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that needs a living host for their replication. It causes…

Q: Where does the influenza vaccine go in the body

A: Vaccines are biological preparations that provide immunization against specific diseases by…

Q: Describe three different types of vaccines

A: Vaccines are meds that are utilized to make individuals invulnerable to specific infections. They…

Q: Give the classic and new vaccine development strategies

A: When developing a brand new vaccinum, the selection of approach is created considerably on an…

Q: Correlate the lack of efficient repair mechanisms in RNA viruses with the need to be vaccinated for…

A: Generally RNA virus posses a higher rate of mutation and sometimes it increases upto million folds…

Q: Briefly describe how the Salk and Sabin vaccines against poliovirus were generated.

A: Polio also known as poliomyelitis, is an infectious disease caused by the virus known as Polio…

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of an inactivated virus vaccine?

A: Vaccines are nothing but immunogenic molecules which do not produce a high infectious condition but…

Q: Explain the properties of a subunit vaccine. Also explain how these types of vaccines provide…

A: Subunit vaccines are a type of vaccines which contain only selected parts of antigens or purified…

Q: Compare and contrast the characteristics of attenuated and inactivated vaccines.

A: A vaccination is a biological substance that provides active acquired immunity to a certain…

Q: Explain several issues we have with HIV vaccine development. Why haven’t we been able to produce a…

A: HIV stands for Human Immuno Virus. It is a virus that infects T helper cells of immune system and…

Q: Describe retroviruses?

A: Viruses are tiny nonliving entities that infect a cell and take over its machinery to grow and…

Q: Explain why HIV targets certain cell types, and describe the ?effects this virus has on the immune…

A: To answer this question you should have knowledge about Immunology. The question asks us to explain…

Q: Which form of poliovirus vaccine is better at eliminatingviruses in the gastrointestinal tract?(a)…

A: Poliomyelitis or polio is an infectious medical condition caused by the poliovirus that mainly…

Q: Describe the difference between an mRNA vaccine and a conventional vaccine?

A: A quick, safe, and efficient method of preventing deadly infections before someone becomes ill is…

Q: Compare and contrast antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza viruses.

A: Influenza virus is well known for its ability to change its genetic composition. Antigenic drift…

Q: Explain why infections such as mumps, measles, polio, rubella, and RSV regularly infect children and…

A: The infections such as mumps, measles, polio, rubella, and RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus) are all…

Q: Describe antigenic drift and antigenic shift and discuss how they affect the epidemiology of…

A: Antigenic drift, random mutation of an infective agent leading to minor changes(mutation) in…

Q: What is a recombinant DNA vaccine? List two such vaccines. State their advantages.

A: A vaccine is a preparation of killed or weakened or  a part of microbe (antigen) that is used to…

Q: Define the following types of vaccines and give at least two examples of each. Attenuated vaccines…

A: Vaccines are the substance prepared from non - living or living microbes and are introduced into…

Q: Brad receives a viral vector coronavirus vaccine that uses a specific adenovirus and your immune…

A: There are various kinds of vaccines depending on the type of their action. So here basically ,…

Q: Explain the mode of action of the herpes viral RNAs and how they confound the immune system.

A: Herpes is foundubiquitous; humans are only natural reservoir (for human herpes)

Q: Do the antigen protein vaccines contain all the proteins in the virus? If not, which protein(s) do…

A: Introduction :- An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response in the body. Antigens…

Q: Explain why a new influenza vaccine is preparedeach year and consists of several components.

A: Influenza is commonly denoted as flu virus that infects birds and mammals that affect the lower and…

Q: How can a virus pandemic end?

A: Answer :  A Pandemic is an epidemic that spread to multiple continents of the world with a high…

Q: Discuss the benefits of vaccines recommended for health care workers?

A: Biological materials called vaccines are intended to boost immunity and offer defense against…

Q: How do RNA viruses, such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2, achieve high mutation rates and rapid evolution, and…

A: RNA viruses are a type of virus that use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. They…

Q: What are the vaccines? and what are factors

A: A biological preparation known as a vaccination offers active acquired immunity to a specific…

Q: Of the following types of vaccines: attenunated live or inactivated whole agent, which is more…

A: Vaccine:It provides the immunity against one or numerous diseases. It is a substance that is used to…

Q: Describe the production of influenza vaccine.

A: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious particle that replicates only inside the living cells of an…

Q: Explain how trangenic animals can be used in producing effective malarial vaccines?

A: Transgenic animals refer to the animals in which the foreign or altered or genes are introduced by…

Q: Explain how new strains of flu arise

A: The influenza virus is a kind of virus which transmits mostly by droplets released into the air or…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.