Orange peels, containing 20% oil, 30% water, and 50% insoluble matter, are extracted by contacting with fresh organic solvent hexane. Hexane and water are assumed immiscible. 90% of the oil is recovered in the solution (extract) containing 50% by mass of oil. The raffinate containing the unextracted oil has a mass of 55 kg. Calculate mass of orange peel that was processed (kg), mass of fresh hexane used (kg), concentration of oil in the raffinate stream (mass percent).

Tin atoms are introduced into a FCC copper crystal, producing an alloy with a lattice pa- rameter of 3.7589 x 10-8 cm and a density of 8.772 g/cm³. Calculate the atomic percentage of tin present in the alloy. Calculate the radius of the largest interstitial void in the FCC y iron lattice. The atomic radi- us of the iron atom is 0.129 nm in the FCC lattice and the largest interstitial voids occur at the (12,0,0), (0,2,0), (0,0,1), etc., type positions.

2. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are among the most versatile building blocks in nanotechnology. These unique pure carbon materials resemble rolled-up sheets of graphite with diameters of several nanometers and lengths up to several micrometers. They are stronger than steel, have higher thermal conductivities than most known materials, and have electrical conductivities like that of copper but with higher current- carrying capacity. Molecular transistors and biosensors are among their many applications. While most carbon nanotube research has been based on laboratory-scale synthesis, commercial applications involve large industrial-scale processes. In one such process, carbon monoxide saturated with an organo-metallic compound (iron penta- carbonyl) is decomposed at high temperature and pressure to form CNT, amorphous carbon, and CO2. Each "molecule" of CNT contains roughly 3000 carbon atoms. The reactions by which such molecules are formed are: Decomposition of Fe(CO)s to form iron, which…

Sunflower oil contains 0.090 mol palmitic acid (C₁6H3202)/mol, 0.060 mol stearic acid (C₁8H360₂)/mol, 0.36 mol oleic acid (C₁8H340₂)/mol, and 0.49 mol linoleic acid (C₁8H32O₂)/mol. To create margarine from sunflower oil, the liquid oleic and linoleic acids are hydrogenated in the presence of a metal catalyst to form solid stearic acid. C18H34O2 + H₂ →→ C18H3602 - C18H32O2 + 2H₂ → C18H3602 At a margarine production facility, a stream of 305.0 mol sunflower oil/h is fed into a reactor. The fresh hydrogen source available is a mixture containing 0.97 mol H₂/mol and 0.030 mol N₂/mol. N₂ is inert in this process. To ensure complete hydrogenation, the hydrogen gas mixture is introduced into the reactor in 55.0% excess. All reaction products leave the reactor and proceed to a separator where palmitic and stearic acids are separated from the hydrogen gas mixture. The hydrogen gas mixture is recycled to the fresh feed stream, and 105.0 mol gas/h of this recycle stream is purged to prevent the…

Mass Percent

The mass of an aluminum boat is 4.9682 g. The mass of an aluminum boat and mixture of sand, NaCl, and (NH4)2CO3 is 6.5172 g. After sublimation of (NH4)2CO3, the mass of the boat and mixture is 6.1532 g. Water is added to the mixture and the resulting solution is filtered. After the sand is dried, the mass of the sand is 0.7648 g. After evaporation of the filtrate , the mass of salt is 0.4024 g. Calculate the % of sand, % of NaCl, and the % of (NH4)2CO3 in the mixture (show all calculations). Do these precentages add to 100%? if not, provide an explanation.

Sunflower oil contains 0.070 mol palmitic acid (C₁6H320₂)/mol, 0.060 mol stearic acid (C18H3602)/mol, 0.28 mol oleic acid (C₁8H340₂)/mol, and 0.59 mol linoleic acid (C₁8H320₂)/mol. To create margarine from sunflower oil, the liquid oleic and linoleic acids are hydrogenated in the presence of a metal catalyst to form solid stearic acid. C18H3402 + H₂- → C18H3602 -> C18H3202 +2H₂ → C18H360₂ - At a margarine production facility, a stream of 490.0 mol sunflower oil/h is fed into a reactor. The fresh hydrogen source available is a mixture containing 0.95 mol H₂/mol and 0.050 mol N₂/mol. N₂ is inert in this process. To ensure complete hydrogenation, the hydrogen gas mixture is introduced into the reactor in 70.0% excess. All reaction products leave the reactor and proceed to a separator where palmitic and stearic acids are separated from the hydrogen gas mixture. The hydrogen gas mixture is recycled to the fresh feed stream, and 145.0 mol gas/h of this recycle stream is purged to prevent the…

The zeolite LTA is used as an adsorbent for separations. A nitrogen adsorption study of LTA was performed (0 °C, PN₂= 760 mmHg). Using the BET plot below, calculate the specific surface area (in units of m²/g) of the zeolite. The density and molecular weight of N₂ are 0.808 g/cm³ and 28 g/mol, respectively. Assume nitrogen is a sphere with the projected surface area a (cm²/molecule). Recall that the molar volume of an ideal gas at STP is 22,400 cm³/mol.

The percent by mass of phenol (MM= 94.11 g/mol) in an aqueous solution is 10.9%. What is the molality of the phenol solution?

A thick plate of 0.3 wt% C steel is to be carburized at 930 °C. The carburizing gas used holds the surface concentration at 1 wt% C. (a) Determine how long it will take for the C concentration to reach 0.6 wt% at a depth of 0.3 mm. (b) How long will it take to double the depth at which this concen- tration is reached? (Do not re-calculate the answer from scratch.) (c) By how much would the time in part (a) be changed if the tem- perature were raised by 50°C? (As before, do not re-calculate the answer from scratch.)