One advantage chemical signaling has over electrical signaling is thata. reaction to stimuli can happen very quickly.b. although it takes large amounts of chemicals, the chemical signals are efficient.c. chemical signals stick around longer than electrical signals and can be used for slow processes.d. chemical signals are used in response to external and internal stimuli.

Q: Cite some drugs how they mimic natural signal molecules.

A: Cell communication is one of the primary events through which all bodily functions are accomplished.…

Q: During cell signaling, binding of a ligand to the outside of a cell leads to:   A. A signal being…

A: In cell biology,  cell signaling is defined as the mechanism of receiving the signal, processing it…

Q: A cell within organ A expresses a protein that is secreted from the cell and travels through the…

A: Cell signalling or cell communication is an ability of a cell to receive, transmit and response…

Q: You find a monster that produces a hormone that uses standard G-protein receptor pathways to prepare…

A: G protein is a heteromeric protein made from three units, alpha, beta and gamma. When a ligand binds…

Q: a. the receptor/s b. the energy source if there is signal peptide cleavage or none C. Endoplasmic…

A: Endoplasmic Reticulum It is a large, dynamic organelle that is involved in different functions such…

Q: What is the specific cause of hypertension (the communication breakdown at the molecular level):…

A: Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by…

Q: After bonding with their ligand chemo kine receptors form complexes with what to signal initiate…

A: Chemokines are small signaling proteins secreted by cells that are specifically bound by chemokine…

Q: A mutation in HER2 that causes receptor dimerization in the absence of signaling molecules. Would…

A: Answer - B. Increases proliferation HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) is a gene it…

Q: Coat color in mammals is controlled by a hormone receptor called the melanocortin receptor. When…

A: Melanocortin receptors are the members of the family rhodopsin of G- protein coupled receptors of 7…

Q: Which of the following is incorrect? a. Ka is the [ligand] when all the receptors have bound ligand…

A: Kd is dissociation constant that help in determining the affinity of receptor ligand binding. Higher…

Q: Which of the following elements may be in the transduction part of cell signaling? Select one: a.…

A: Ans: Signal transduction: The process of transporting signal from cells exterior to the internal is…

Q: How does the binding of a hormone to a receptor activate a G-protein?     a. It replaces bound GDP…

A: G Protein Coupled Receptors These are also called metabotropic receptors or heptahelical…

Q: How does the function of an intracellular receptor differ from that of a membrane receptor? a. The…

A: The chemical structures composed of proteins that receive and transduce signals are called the…

Q: Which of the following is INCORRECT for hydrophobic signaling molecules? A. They usually consist of…

A: Signalling molecules are molecules that carry information between cells, tissues, and organs in…

Q: Amplification of a chemical signal occurs when?   a. phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinase…

A: Receptors are usually proteins , which are present on the cell membrane, which binds to the ligand…

Q: Different cell-types can use the same receptor-type to detect a common hormone, which leads to the…

A: Hormones are small molecules that act as chemical messengers in the body. A small amount of hormone…

Q: Based on the information scientists and doctors have been able to collect, compare embryonic stem…

A: Embryonic stem cells are derived from preimplantation embryos (inner cell mass) and iPSCs are…

Q: If a signal activates an intermediate protein it would be considered______ of a protein? a.…

A: Cellular signalling is a complex system that allows cells to communicate with one another and…

Q: The molecule that leads most directly to the release of internal stores of calcium in signal…

A: Ca2+ ions are used in calcium signalling, which is frequently a step in signal transduction, to…

Q: The function of a kinase is to ______.     A. stimulate translation of DNand transcription of RNA…

A: ENZYME:- It is defined as a complex biological catalyst i.e produced by a living organism in its…

Q: When signals bind to the protein receptors,     it depends if the receptor is found on the nuclear…

A: Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. It is single cell machinery that contains all…

Q: The same signal can have different effects in different cells because there a. are different…

A: A similar sign can have various impacts in various cells in light of the fact that there  D) all of…

Q: Ligand-activated receptors should be ________ before they can bind DNA and activate transcription.…

A: The ligand- receptors are the proteinaceous substances which allows the binding of the ligands to…

Q: Which of these pathways is highly conserved among invertebrates and mammals regarding stem cell…

A: The stem cell niche is an in vivo milieu in which stem cells live and receive cues that influence…

Q: Drugs and other medicine uses the concept of signaling. Cite some drugs how they mimic natural…

A: There are a few important points :  Receptors : They are chemically protein and glycoprotein which…

Q: choose one:   a. Steroids are hormones processed by their target cells at the plasma membrane b.…

A: The chemical messengers that are synthesized in one tissue and passed to one or other tissues…

Q: What is the function of Ras during tyrosine kinase cell signaling? a. It activates the opening of…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinase is the second major type of cell surface receptor. The ligands for receptor…

Q: The ArcB/ArcA is a two component system in E. coli. Based on what you learned about two component…

A: Anaerobic growth of Escherechia coli (E.coli) is controlled by a two-component arc system. This is a…

Q: What happens when an agonist, instead of the endogenous (natural) hormone, binds to the hormone…

A: Hormones are chemical messengers that interface with receptors present on the outside of a cell…

Q: How does the signaling cascade initiated by activation of the Gas protein enter the nucleus to…

A: Signal transduction requires a receptor through which a ligand interacts and transmits its…

Q: Briefly describe how a single signaling molecule signal is amplified inside a cell.

A: Signal transduction is the process of conversion of an extracellular signal into an intracellular…

Q: The function of cAMP in a cell isa. to activate a G protein.b. to remove phosphate groups from…

A: cAMP or Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate is derived from adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) which results…

Q: Activated G proteins cana. cause ion channels to open or close.b. activate adenylate cyclase.c.…

A: Introduction The largest family of cell-surface receptors responsible for signal transmission from…

Q: If your sepharose beads are covalently attached to adrenaline hormone, which of the following…

A: Affinity chromatography is a biochemical technique which is used to separate molecules based on the…

Q: The hormone aldosterone regulates blood pressure through: A. Reabsorption of sodium. B. Secretion…

A: Aldosterone is mineralocorticoid hormone which causes absorption of mineral. Epinephrine causes…

Q: For cellular transduction, why is it useful that phosphorylation cascades have a series of protein…

A: Phosphorylation plays an essential role in regulating cellular processes like growth, cell cycle,…

Q: When a signal molecule (hormone) binds at a G protein-coupled receptor, the G protein a. Binds with…

A: Inside cells, many complex signaling pathways take place with the binding of the signaling molecule…

Q: Which of the following is incorrect about protein kinase A (PKA)? It is activated by the 2nd…

A: Protein Kinase A is a type of enzyme that can phosphorylate the serine or threonine residues of…

Q: A ligand binds to the extracellular portion of a receptor. Another ligand binds to an identical half…

A: Answer: Introduction: The attaching of a signaling molecule, or ligand, to its receiving molecule…

Q: Which of the following is incorrect about protein kinase A (PKA)? a. It is activated by the 2nd…

A: Introduction: Protein Kinase A is an enzyme present in our cells. It is dependent on the cellular…

Q: Drugs and other medecine uses the concept of signaling. Cite some drugs how they mimic natural…

A: Many drugs mimic cell signalling molecules thereby stimulating cell function and compensate for…

Q: When a signal molecule (hormone) binds at a G protein-coupled receptor, the G protein

A: GPCR signaling pathway is the cell surface receptor mediated signaling pathway, in which G protein…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.