Newly forming astral microtubules associate with dynein motor proteins, with the tail of the dynein bound to the plasma membrane. This association appears to be important in the distribution of astral microtubules to the polar regions (opposite “ends”) during spindle assembly.Now fast forward to the events of anaphase. In which phase of Anaphase (A or B) does the association between astral microtubules and membrane-bound dynein play a role? What is that role? (Your answer should incorporate information on how the directionality of dynein’s movement is involved in the process you describe.)

Artificially induced apoptosis (controlled cellular death) is found to be an effective treat- ment for some forms of cancer. Which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which apoptosis might be induced? A B с D by causing ribosomes to increase the rate of protein synthesis by triggering the division of mitochondria in the cell to increase ATP production by increasing the expression of membrane-bound glucose protein channels by causing lysosomes to release digestive enzymes into the cytosol

Describe how Microtubules is involved in fertility (either directly or indirectly), include 2 roles for this type of cytoskeletal fiber.

Sperm need significant amounts of ATP to fuel their travel through the reproductive tract. This ATP is generated via oxidative metabolism of the glucose and fructose contained in the seminal fluid.     These sugars are large polar molecules that enter sperm cells via glucose transporters or GLUTS.  One such GLUT protein is depicted in the image below.  When GLUTS recognize and bind glucose, they undergo a conformational change releasing glucose on the other side of the membrane. Due to the persistent high energy demands of the sperm cell, these sugars are continually being catabolized (broken down).  GLUTs mediate what type of transport of glucose and fructose across the membrane? ________________  Is this an active or passive process? _________________        What type of transport protein are the GLUTs described in this question? ___________________    How many transmembrane domains does this GLUT have?  _______________

For each of the following statements, indicate whether it is true or false [Select] [Select] the plasma membrane continuously without any regulation. [Select] Cytoplasmic [Ca²+] has no role in regulating secretion. [Select] constitutive secretion. All secretory vesicles bud off the trans Golgi network and fuse with [Ca²+] increases, which eventually leads to the elevation of the fertilization envelop. ✓ During fertilization, when the sperm fuses with the egg, cytoplasmic The release of neurotransmitter by a nerve cell is a form of

Scientists in the lab have isolated a substance that prevents cells from synthesizing spindle fibres. What is this substance and how would this substance affect cell division?

. The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin. Whichof the following aspects of the animal cell cycle would be mostdisrupted by cytochalasin B?(A) spindle formation(B) spindle attachment to kinetochores(C) cell elongation during anaphase(D) cleavage furrow formation and cytokinesis

Can you draw 4th cell division of the adult stem cells. 1st and 2nd are symmetrically. 3rd and 4th are asymmetrically. What kind of cell is the product at the 4th division? Explain your reasoning

List the two functions( purposes) of mitosis in humans     How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?