New alleles are born into a population in.... O a. Linkage equilibrium via natural selection O b. Linkage equilibrium via mutation/drift O. Linkage disequilibrium via natural selection O d. Linkage disequlibrium via mutation/drift
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- Which of the following statements is true about linkage disequilibrium? a. New alleles are born into a population in LE with the surrounding loci b. Genetic hitchhiking results from LD between surrounding loci and a locus under strong selection c. Loci in LE in two different populations with different allele frequencies will remain in LE when the two populations completely merge into a single population. d. The greater the selection on a locus, the smaller the haplotype block maintained around it e. D= 0.15 indicates that two loci are in greater LD than D= -0.23I. A population called the founder generation, consisting of 2000 AA individuals, 2000 Aa individuals, and6000 aa individuals is established on a remote island.Mating within this population occurs at random, thethree genotypes are selectively neutral, and mutationsoccur at a negligible rate.a. What are the frequencies of alleles A and a in thefounder generation?b. Is the founder generation at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium?c. What is the frequency of the A allele in the secondgeneration (that is, the generation subsequent to thefounder generation)?d. What are the frequencies for the AA, Aa, and aagenotypes in the second generation?e. Is the second generation at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium?f. What are the frequencies for the AA, Aa, and aagenotypes in the third generation?If the X3 allele is undergoing positive selection, what will be the likely end result? A There will be no individuals that are X3X3 B All individuals will be X1X3 or X2X3 because of the heterozygote advantage. C The variance of the trait will stay the same, but the mean value will increase. D The frequency of X3 will increase and it could potentially become fixed in the population. e The allele frequency of X1 and X2 will stay the same, but the allele frequency of X3 will increase.
- Sickle cell anemia is maintained in human populations because individuals with a single copy of the sickle cell allele have resistance to malaria but lack the health problems of individuals with two copies of the allele. Variation at the sickle cell locus is maintained by which of the following? Group of answer choices A. heterozygote advantage B. random change in allele frequency C. mutation selection balance D. frequency dependent selectionConsider a population with the frequency of ‘A’ allele at 0.7 and the ‘a’ allele at ‘0.3’.a. Assume that this population is undergoing mutational pressure. The rate of mutationis 1.0 x 10-4 for changing A to a and 1.0 x 10-5 for changing a to A. What is the allelefrequency of A after a single generation?b. What will the allele frequencies be in the next generation if the forward mutation rate(A to a) and the back mutation rate (a to A) are equal?Consider a hypothetical beetle population, in which beetle colour variesalong a spectrum from light to dark green. When introduced to anenvironment characterized by light green moss and dark green shrubs,both light and dark green beetles have higher fitness than medium greenbeetles. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? Select one:O a. Stabilizing selectionO b. Directional selectionO c. Disruptive selectionO d. Sexual selection
- In the universal ABO blood grouping system, there are four phenotypes—A, B, AB, and O—which are determined by three different alleles. The presence of three alleles in the ABO blood grouping system is an example of ____. a. a polymorphism b. the bottleneck effect c. genetic drift d. a dimorphism e. the founder effectGenetic drift can be defined as Group of answer choices A. accidental changes in DNA structure b.how lazy loci evolve c. random change in allele frequency over time D. differences in fitness between allelesWhat is the expected frequency of heterozygotes in a population with allelic frequencies xand y that is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?a. x + yb. xyc. 2 xyd.( x − y)2
- The MN blood group is of interest to population geneticists because (a) people with genotype MN cannot receive blood transfusions from either MM or NN people (b) the MM, MN, and NN genotype frequencies can be observed directly and compared with calculated expected frequencies (c) the M allele is dominant to the N allele (d) people with the MN genotype exhibit frequency-dependent selection (e) people with the MN genotype exhibit heterozygote advantageThe continued presence of the allele that causes sickle cell anemia in areas where falciparum malaria is prevalent demonstrates which of the following phenomena? (a) inbreeding depression (b) frequency-dependent selection (c) heterozygote advantage (d) genetic drift (e) a genetic bottleneckMany species of birds choose their mates based on how brightly colored they are. If feather color is heritable, how would this violate the assumptions required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium? HW equilibrium would cause mutations in such a species. A. This is a founder effect В. This is a bottleneck effect C. OD. Mating is non-random. Alleles for brightly colored phenotypes might become more common in the species and allele frequency would change.