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Name and describe the main fuctional macromolecule found in red blood cells
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- Describe the basic components of a plasma membrane and explain in detail the asymmetry that occurs in a red blood cell in terms of the membrane and the associated proteins.Why does a red blood cell plasma membrane need transmembrane proteins?List 4 different actiated carrier molecules, for each one, list both the oxided and reduced forms
- Transport of biomolecules to tissues takes place through capillary walls by both convection and diffusion. Consider an endothelium in which the gaps between the cells are characterized by the following dimensions: L=1 µm long, h=200 nm high, and W=10 nm in width (the last dimension is the distance between the two cells). The fluid is at 37degC and has the same properties as physiologic saline. Let the average pressure in the capillary be 45 mm Hg and let the pressure in the tissue be 0 mm Hg (ignore osmotic effects). Consider a small solute that has a diffusion coefficient of 1x10-5 cm2/s. Does this solute pass across the endothelium by diffusion or is it primarily carried by flow?Define the term motilin?Describe the reason why the red blood cells placed in one solution swell and burst and also why the red blood cells placed in another solution shrink and wrinkle.
- A 45-year-old man without a history of bleeding or excessive bruising dies suddenly due to rupture of an aortic dissection. Genetic analysis at autopsy shows a defect in the gene for fibrillin. Which of the following events most likely occurs with defective fibrillin? (A) Elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix are not correctly formed (B) Hyaluronic acid in proteoglycans is not sulfated on the proper hydroxyl residues (C) Intermediate filaments are not assembled in endothelial cells (D) Shorter side chains of chondroitin sulfate are present on the proteoglycans (E) Tubulin is not polymerized correctly due to the lack of GTP in endothelial cellsList four intracellular mediators affected by G proteins.Contractile force generated by cardiac myocytes is regulated by input from the autonomic nervous system. a) Describe the relative importance of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic branches of the ANS. b) Force modulation and regulation of the rate of relaxation is accomplished by phosphorylation of 4 key proteins. Describe the steps leading to phosphorylation of these proteins. Name each of these proteins and describe the effects their phosphorylation has on cardiac function.
- In 1925, E. Gorter and F. Grendel used an apparatus like that described in Problem 1 to determine the surface area of a lipid monolayer formed bylipids extracted from erythrocytes of several animal species. They used a microscope to measure the dimensions of individual cells, from which they calculated the average surface area of one erythrocyte. They obtained the data shown in the table below. Were these investigators justified in concluding that “chromocytes [erythrocytes] are covered by a layer of fatty substances that is two molecules thick” (i.e., a lipid bilayer)?[Choose ] hypertonic hypotonic isotonicHemoglobin is composed of how many polypeptide chains thatchange during development?