When Charles Darwin discovered the various finch species on the Galápagos islands, he was surprised to find so many different but related species in such a small geographic area. Which of the following best illustrates the correlation between competitive advantage and an individual’s traits in a particular environment?
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When Charles Darwin discovered the various finch species on the Galápagos islands, he was surprised to find so many different but related species in such a small geographic area. Which of the following best illustrates the correlation between competitive advantage and an individual’s traits in a particular environment?
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Different islands had very different food
resources available, and only individuals that were adapted to eat those food resources survived and reproduced on that island. -
Finches had no natural predators on the island before Darwin’s voyage, allowing them to prosper on the islands.
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Competition between different species for food resources led to resource partitioning of the ecosystem.
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Mating behaviors in finch species ensure that different species of finch will not interbreed with one another.
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- Which of the following best explains the connection between increased competition and the evolution of a species by natural selection? Individuals migrate to another area in order to avoid competition for limited resources in the current ecosystem. Individuals that have traits that allow them to outcompete others survive better and produce more offspring. Individuals must become stronger to compete for resources, and this increased strength is passed on to the next generation. Individuals that must compete for limited resources are more likely to have diseases that cause mutations.This discussion provides you with some data about four pools of guppies. These pools have different turbidity (i.e. cloudiness), make-up of predators, depths, locations, numbers of guppies, and contain bright or drab-colored male guppies. Observe the data given about the pools and note any patterns you see that might relate to the color patterns of the male guppies. Selection pressures are an aspect of the environment that causes a change in characteristics over time. Then you will decide which of the selection pressures on the male guppies have resulted in the variations in color patterns you see in the data. 1. Try to give a concise (short) but rich description of each of the four guppy pools 2. What selection pressures caused the variation in the color pattern of male guppies? Support your claims with evidence. 3. Is it better to be bright or drab if you are a male guppy? Support your claims with evidence.When Charles Darwin discovered the various finch species on the Galápagos islands, he was surprised to find so many different but related species in such a small geographic area. What best illustrates the correlation between competitive advantage and an individual’s traits in a particular environment
- Behavior influences how organisms experience the environment and thus patterns of natural selection on behavioral traits. Which of the following examples is consistent with this statement? Some lizards in complex tropical forests prefer to hang out on tree trunks and branches, rather than the ground substrate, which has resulted in selection for shorter relative limb length and toe pads that can cling to bark. Ground-burrowing mammals experience greater exposure to dust and increased selection on their respiratory system to filter these particulates. Specialist parasitoids only target a handful of different host/prey types, resulting in a predictable resource and less selection on the ability to learn new resources All of the above Imagine that scientists have just discovered a weird new marine tunicate at extreme depths of the ocean. They have a novel kind of neurotransmitter – maritonin – that binds to the “maritonin” receptor, which is permeable to negatively charged iodine ions…You are working on an undergraduate project, studying an insect species. A recent study showed that the pigmentation pattern used for camouflage is made by an enzyme K. However, it has been shown that, when compared to the Kk individuals, the KK homozygotes would have a higher chance of dying from pigment overdose before growing up, while the kk individuals can easily fall to predation before becoming adults. In fact, when compared to the Kk individuals, the estimated selection coefficients for KK and kk are 0.25 and 0.5, respectively. You are interested in what would happen to these alleles. At present, you have conducted a population survey and have 1000 larvae in your collection. Among them, 360 are KK, 480 Kkand 160 kk. 1)How many larvae would survive to adulthood a) 170 b) 414 c)583 d)750 e)830 2)Following up the previous question, what would be the KK genotype frequency at the adult? a) 0.090 b) 0.270 c) 0.325 d) 0.360 e) 0.529 3)Following up on the previous question,…Think about how we organized the mechanisms of sexual selection (mate competition vs. mate choice; resource-based choice vs. non-resource-based choice, etc.). Based on this organization, choose the pair of examples from the list below that are most closely matched in terms of mechanisms of sexual selection. Male red deer engage in physical contests to determine who mates with a female. Male mouse lemurs engage in scramble competition for female mates. Peahen (female) chooses to mate with a peacock that has large eyespots in the tail feathers of his magnificent display. Question 8 Think about how we organized the mechanisms of sexual selection (mate competition vs. mate choice; resource-based choice vs. non-resource-based choice, etc.). Based on this organization, choose the pair of examples from the list below that are most closely matched in terms of mechanisms of sexual selection. Male roadrunner presents female with lizard 'snack' during courtship. Male butterfly transfers sodium to…
- Darwin’s finches have different beaks in terms of size and shape to be able to eat different food sources like insects, nectar, and seeds. Cactus finches have longer, more pointed beaks to probe cactus flowers compared to their relatives, the ground finches. If a plant disease killed a large portion of the cacti on the Galapagos islands, what would the future populations of finches look like in terms of beak size and shape? Use your knowledge of natural selection to determine which option is most likely. Ground finches would survive and pass on their shorter and wider beaks, so there would be a higher proportion of finches in future generations that have short and wide beaks. Ground finches would survive and pass on their beaks, but they would mate with the remaining cactus finches, creating a new hybrid that is somewhere between short versus long and narrow versus wide. Cactus finches would compete for food with ground finches and exhibit resource partitioning, so the beaks…Researchers have characterized the niches of Darwin’s finches by beak size (which correlates with diet) and the niches of parasitoids by size of caterpillar. How would you characterize the niches of sympatric canid species such as red fox, coyote, and wolf in North America? Or felids, such as ocelots, pumas, and jaguars in South America? What characteristics or environmental features do you think would be useful for representing the niches of desert plants? Or the plants in temperate forest or prairie?Which of these interactions are examples of sexual selection? Select all that apply. A change in food resources on an island favors finches with medium-sized beaks. Finches with small and large beaks disappear from the island after a few generations. Female flies prefer to mate with males that have longer eyestalks. These eyestalks provide no survival advantage, but longer eyestalks become more common over generations. Male seals compete for territory and access to clusters of female seals. The more aggressive male seals tend to secure the largest territories and clusters.
- Which of these interactions are examples of sexual selection? Select all that apply. - Female flies prefer to mate with males that have longer eyestalks. These eyestalks provide no survival advantage, but longer eyestalks become more common over generations. -Male seals compete for territory and access to clusters of female seals. The more aggressive male seals tend to secure the largest territories and clusters. -A change in food resources on an island favors finches with medium-sized beaks. Finches with small and large beaks disappear from the island after a few generations. -Green butterflies are less likely to be eaten than yellow butterflies due to their color. Green butterflies become more numerous than yellow butterflies in the population.Fireflies use light signals to locate mates. Individuals with smaller, and thus less visible, lightorgans are less successful at mating. In January of 1985, a highway with bright streetlightswas constructed through a prairie where a firefly population lives. This created a selectionpressure for brighter (larger) light organs in the population. The light organ was, on average,4 mm long in the population prior to the construction of the highway. In 2005, the averagelight organ size in this population (before mating) was 6 mm. This firefly species has1 generation per year, and the narrow sense heritability ( h^2) of the light organ is 0.1.a) What is the strength of selection (S) for the larger light organ.b) What was the mean light organ length of successfully reproducing individuals in 1985(the first year of selection)?Monarch butterflies and viceroy butterflies are both found in the United States and parts of Canada and Mexico. Monarch butterflies have a particular orange and black wing pattern and are toxic. Viceroy butterflies are non-toxic but have a very similar wing pattern to the monarch. Scientists have observed that attempted predation of viceroy butterflies is lower in regions that are also inhabited by monarch butterflies. Why would natural selection select for a non-poisonous butterfly with the same markings as a poisonous butterfly?