"Motor neurons trigger action potentials in muscle cell membranes that open voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in T tubules, allowing extracellular Ca2+ to enter the cytosol, bind to troponin C, and initiate rapid muscle contraction", is true or false.
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"Motor neurons trigger action potentials in muscle cell membranes that open voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in T tubules, allowing extracellular Ca2+ to enter the cytosol, bind to troponin C, and initiate rapid muscle contraction", is true or false.
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- Whether the statement, "Motor neurons trigger action potentials in muscle cell membranes that open voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in T tubules, allowing extracellular Ca2+ to enter the cytosol, bind to troponin C, and initiate rapid muscle contraction", is true or false.Discuss the similarities and differences by which Ca2+ activity is involved in initiating muscle contraction in skeletal versus smooth muscle fibers (hint: include Ca2+ sources, proteins it binds to, and signaling cascade it activates leading to contraction).When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation. How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?
- As mentioned in class, one additional major use of ATP in skeletal muscle (besides powering the myosin heads) is the recycling of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after depolarization. The resting concentration of Ca++ in the muscle cell cytoplasm is about 50-100 nM, and the spike concentration after depolarization is about 10-20 μΜ. a) Consider a single sarcomere. What is the number of free calcium ions within the sarcomere at rest? What is the number of free calcium ions after depolarization? b) The major ion pump responsible for calcium ion recycling is SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase). SERCA uses one molecule of ATP to pump two calcium ions, and the resting level can be restored in about 10-20 ms. How many molecules of ATP are used in a single sarcomere for pumping calcium in a single "twitch"? c) Assume that a single "twitch" is sufficient to drive one sarcomere from its fully extended length (about 2.5 µm) to its fully contracted length (about 1…Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both “striated” types of muscle and yet they have very distinct functional characteristics. a) Skeletal muscle functions as discrete motor units and the cardiac muscle works as a functional syncytium. Define the italicized terms in the previous sentence, explain their importance, and describe the cellular features that underlie these functional differences. b) Cardiac muscle exhibits automaticity, while excitation of skeletal muscle is neurogenic. Define the italicized terms and provide a brief explanation of mechanisms underlying each.Troponin C has been mutated such that it cannot bind to calcium. Describe the effect of this mutation on sarcomere shortening in skeletal muscle. A complete answer will describe the normal function of troponin C, the normal process of sarcomere shortening, and will describe the overall effect of the mutation on sarcomere shortening based on troponin C's function and its role in the overall process of sarcomere shortening.
- Discuss the similarities and differences by which Ca2+ activity is involved in initiating muscle contraction in skeletal versus smooth muscle fibers (hint: include Ca2+ sources, proteins it binds to, and signaling cascade it activates leading to contraction). (please explain in sentences, max 12 sentences)28. 39-43 TRUE OR FALSE Sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber. Myosatellite cells, remain closely associated with the plasma membrane. Lymphatic vessels are seen only in the perimysium. Capillaries are in close contact with skeletal muscle fibers. Nebulin, the largest known proteins, connects the Z band to the M band The normal time for turnover of keratinocytes from stratum basale to uppermost stratum corneum varies from 20 to 75 daysWhat happens to contraction of a muscle cell if some of the Ca2+ that was released during a contraction is still in the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) when the next stimulus arrives? - The muscle contracts with the same tension generated as during the first contraction, because the number of cross-bridges formed is always the same during a contraction. - The muscle contracts with greater tension generated because more troponin molecules bound means greater myosin-binding sites (active sites) are revealed on the actin, leading to a larger number of cross-bridges formed. - The muscle contracts with greater tension generated because there will be more Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm after the second stimulation, which will bind to more troponin molecules. - The muscle contracts with the same tension generated as during the first contraction, because muscles contract in an all-or-none fashion.
- ctions in smooth muscle cells depend on which one of the following activation steps? Ca2+-activated phosphorylation of myosin-II Ca²+ binding to troponin GTP binding to myosin-II Actin polymerization (b) (c) (d) Explain:2) List the names of the two major Contractile Proteins. Which of the proteins is "bound" and "anchored" to the cell membrane? The other protein essentially "floats" within the ctyoplasm; which contractile protein "floats". 3) Contractions in a muscle cell (or fiber) is always stimulated and intiated by a rapid rise in intrallcellular calcium. Write a brief paragraph or two explaining the differences in the sources of Contraction- causing-Calcium within the 3 different muscle-cell types.When nerve cells contact each other, they form adherens junctions (AJs) at the point of contact. The main transmembrane (TM) protein in the junctions is N-cadherin. N-cadherin is a single pass TM protein with a short intracellular domain and a large extracellular domain on the amino end. Proper formation of the AJs requires both actin (MF) and microtubules (MTs). Motor proteins for MTs are dynein (-) end and kinesin (+) end (and were discovered by Michael Sheetz). Maintenance of preformed AJs requires MFs . Adding drugs that disrupt MFs causes AJs to fall apart, and the N-cadherin is removed from the PM (by endocytosis). If the drugs are removed, MTs (& MFs) are required to restore the N-cadherin to the plasma membrane. choose answer for D1 and D2 D. Suppose cells contain a soluble kinase that modifies N-cadherin that has been removed from the PM. D-1. The kinase could catalyze modification(s) of the side chains of amino acids near (the N end) (the C end) (either end, but not…