((a)) (b) ons in smooth muscle cells depend on which one of the following activation steps? Ca2+-activated phosphorylation of myosin-II Ca2+ binding to troponin (c) GTP binding to myosin-II (d) Actin polymerization Explain:
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- As mentioned in class, one additional major use of ATP in skeletal muscle (besides powering the myosin heads) is the recycling of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after depolarization. The resting concentration of Ca++ in the muscle cell cytoplasm is about 50-100 nM, and the spike concentration after depolarization is about 10-20 μΜ. a) Consider a single sarcomere. What is the number of free calcium ions within the sarcomere at rest? What is the number of free calcium ions after depolarization? b) The major ion pump responsible for calcium ion recycling is SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase). SERCA uses one molecule of ATP to pump two calcium ions, and the resting level can be restored in about 10-20 ms. How many molecules of ATP are used in a single sarcomere for pumping calcium in a single "twitch"? c) Assume that a single "twitch" is sufficient to drive one sarcomere from its fully extended length (about 2.5 µm) to its fully contracted length (about 1…Discuss the following statement: “The basal lam-ina of muscle fibers serves as a molecular bulletin board,in which adjoining cells can post messages that direct thedifferentiation and function of the underlying cells.”Contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscles requires theinflux of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. Compare and contrast thelocations and functions of the molecules to which Ca2+ binds inskeletal and smooth muscles, and explain the steps that lead tocross-bridge cycling in each type of muscle.
- Discuss the similarities and differences by which Ca2+ activity is involved in initiating muscle contraction in skeletal versus smooth muscle fibers (hint: include Ca2+ sources, proteins it binds to, and signaling cascade it activates leading to contraction).Given the effect of myosin heavy chain phosphorylation on myosin II assembly/disassembly, why might it make sense to find this kinase near the contractile ring as the process of cell division is concluding?The sliding-filament model of skeletal-muscle contraction assumes a sliding or slipping of interdigitating filaments of actin and myosin. Electron micrographs show that during contraction the actin and my-osin filaments remain of constant length while the distance between Z lines shortens. Explain how this happens in terms of the molecular structure of the muscle filaments. What is the role of regulatory pro-teins (troponin and tropomyosin) in contraction?
- What is the function of myosin light-chain kinase in smooth muscle?Explain the intracellular mechansim of smooth muscle relaxation of agaonist such as mepyrimine and atropine. Give diagram for each.Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both “striated” types of muscle and yet they have very distinct functional characteristics. a) Skeletal muscle functions as discrete motor units and the cardiac muscle works as a functional syncytium. Define the italicized terms in the previous sentence, explain their importance, and describe the cellular features that underlie these functional differences. b) Cardiac muscle exhibits automaticity, while excitation of skeletal muscle is neurogenic. Define the italicized terms and provide a brief explanation of mechanisms underlying each.
- During one cross-bridging cycle in striated muscle one ATP molecule is hydrolyzed. Explain the two times when the energy from this hydrolysis is used, and what “work” is done in each case.How does the latchbridge mechanism within smooth muscle cells influence (a) the amount of ATP required for muscle contraction and (b) whether or not smooth muscle is fatigue-resistant?What is the reaction catalyzed by the ATPase domain of myosin?