Metagenomics has revolutionized our understanding of the microbial world by allowing the study of organisms that had been impossible to culture. Understanding the Lokiarchaeota required metagenomics analysis, which has also led to the identification of the eukaryotic signature genes in other environments. The terms below relate to genes and genetic analysis. Drag each term to the correct description. Drag and drop the terms on the left to match the description on the right. ▸ View Available Hint(s) Homologous Monophyletic Metagenomics Orthologs Paralogs and that has a different function (this occurs through gene duplication) : the study of genetic material from an environmental sample Reset : a group of organisms in a phylogeny that have a common ancestor : a gene that is related in different species by being inherited from a common ancestor Help and that has the same function : a gene that is related in different species by being inherited from a common ancestor : a gene that is related in different species by being inherited from a common ancestor

Much of what we know about the human microbiome – the microbial communities associated with various parts of our bodies – comes from genome sequencing. Here, DNA is extracted from all cells in samples collected from various body sites and randomly sequenced, typically generating huge volumes of short-read sequencing data. These reads thus represent a random, mixed snapshot of genes encoded within any cell in the original sample. As human cells are commonly collected along with the bacteria, researchers first remove human DNA sequences from the dataset. To do this, they computationally remove any reads that are highly similar to the human reference genome; the remaining gene sequences are then assumed to belong to the microbial community. Researchers studying the human microbiome have frequently been interested to find that these bacterial communities seem to contain a number of highly unusual genes that are unique to human-associated microbes.   a)    Briefly describe one feature of…

Order the following technical steps that are required to identify a bacterium by PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. [1 mark] - Carry out thermal cycling (amplification) of the PCR - Checking the PCR product (amplication) by agarose gel electrophoresis - Purify the PCR product - Perform a DNA extraction - Sequence the PCR product(Sanger sequencing) - Grow a fresh overnigh liquid culture - Obtain a pure bacterial culture - Set up a 16S Rrna gene PCR - Perform bioinformatic analysis (BLAST)

Compare the possible differences between a eukaryotic protein-encoding gene cloned by PCR and the same gene cloned by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT–PCR).