Lipids General characteristics 1. Little affinity for water because composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, linked by non polar covalent bonds 2. Not made of regular, repeating subunits like other polymers 3. 4 groups that are all hydrophobic except phospholipids 1. Fats 1. Fats are made by what kind of reaction? 2. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? 3. What shape is each type of fatty? 2. Phospholipids 1. What are phospholipids composed of? 2. How do they differ from a triglyceride (fat)? 3. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. Which parts are hydrophilic / hydrophobic? What is amphipathic?

Lipids General characteristics 1. Little affinity for water because composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, linked by non polar covalent bonds 2. Not made of regular, repeating subunits like other polymers 3. 4 groups that are all hydrophobic except phospholipids 1. Fats 1. Fats are made by what kind of reaction? 2. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? 3. What shape is each type of fatty? 2. Phospholipids 1. What are phospholipids composed of? 2. How do they differ from a triglyceride (fat)? 3. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. Which parts are hydrophilic / hydrophobic? What is amphipathic?

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter3: Biological Macromolecules

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 12RQ: Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except: they are solid at room temperature...

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Lipids most abundant form are Triglycerides building blocks are 1 If a triglyceride only contains If a triglyceride contains one or more unsaturated fat. + The tail of this structure is made of 2 (hydrophobic). then it is classified as a saturated fat. The head of this structure is made of a single (hydrophilic). 4+ O Search Lipids are also responsible for a major component of the cell membrane wall that is both attracted to and repelled by water, called Their overall shape determines their The complex 3D shape of a protein is called a Proteins have four levels of structure: t -Ö:-- CD and 3 per molecule. bonds that contain the maximum number of + Proteins building blocks are amino acids that are held together with bonds. These are covalent bonds that link the amino end of one amino acid with the carboxyl end of another. T 09 bonds, then it is classified as an that are water insoluble + that is water soluble T F9 8 W F10 · C F11
PART B. Building Polymers- LIPIDS: Using three molecules of stearic acid, draw a triglyceride and label the ester linkages between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acid molecules. Show every bond (do not use shorthand).
4. Identify the membrane lipids and describe their structures and roles. 5. Which is more hydrophilic, cholesterol or phospholipids? Defend your answer. 6. Why does the introduction of double bonds into a fatty acid molecule lower its melting point? 7. Identify the fatty acids present in each of the following triacylglycerols.
1. Melting point: what happens when the carbon chain length of fatty acids become shorter? increased melting point decrease melting point no change 2. Why do lipids with long chain fatty acids have lower saponification value? they are linear in structure, thus it is difficult to saponify they have lower number of carboxyl group per 1 gram of sample they require less amount of KOH during titration they require less HCL during back titration 3. Halogenation depends on which concept? presence of double bond in the glycerol portion presence of double bond in the fatty acid portion presence of carboxylic acid groups reactivity of potassium ions
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Differentiate starch from cellulose and carbohydrates from lipids. 2. In which solvents or solutions will a lipid be soluble: a. CH2C12 b. 5% aqueous NaCl solution c. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 3. List the physical properties of fats and oils and explain why they are different. 4. Identify the membrane lipids and describe their structures and roles. 5. Which is more hydrophilic, cholesterol or phospholipids? Defend your answer. 6. Why does the introduction of double bonds into a fatty acid molecule lower its melting point? 7. Identify the fatty acids present in each of the following triacylglycerols.
1. Which one has to bends in the structure? palmitic acid oleic acid linoleic acid myristic acid 2. Which one is NOT a property of glycerol? "backbone" in the simple lipid structure undergoes condensation with three molecules of fatty acids its OH groups reacts with the fatty functional groups of fatty acids it is a water-soluble ester 3. Why do fat molecules can pack closely together? "bends" polarity length Linearity
PROTEINS 1. Give the general structure of amino acid. 2. Give the 20 amino acids (include structure, name, and symbol) and classify them according to their structures and nutritional requirements. 3. Give at least 10 functions of protein and describe each function. Cite an example for each function if there are any.
27. Which of the following statements correctly describes the structure of a triacylglycerol? Group of answer choices a lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane a protein with tertiary structure a molecule formed from three alcohols by dehydration reactions a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol
Polysaccharide - Glycogen – Starch – Section 2.7 Lipids – insoluble in Trigyclerides – made of one molecule of and three molecules of (Figure 2.16) Saturated vs. unsaturated fats: Phospholipids – primary component of Figure 2.17 Steroids Examples of steroids: Section 2.8 Proteins – complex structures made of Figure 2.19 How many different amino acids are there? What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein? Figure 2.20 Protein function depends on What are the four levels of protein structure? Figure 2.21 Primary – Secondary – pg. 6
Examine the following structure. Fatty acid Fatty acid PO Alcohol Which of the following is the correct classification of this substance? All of these are correct classifications. glycerophospholipid phospholipid complex lipid Glycerol
fats Unsatural What role do lipids play in the cell membrane" : Applicatioon
Glycolipids differ from other membrane lipids in that they * 1. They have hydrophilic heads. 2. Have molecules of a monosaccharide associated with them. 3. Have hydrophobic heads. 4. Have saturated and partially unsaturated tails.