4. Compare the action potentials of contractile cardiac muscle, autorhythmic cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. Include similarities and differences. Mention  resting membrane potential, pacemaker potential, If channels, sodium voltage-gated channels, potassium voltage-gated channels, calcium voltage-gated channels, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, pacemaker.

Q: 9. Heart rate was measured during increasing levels of exercise and the following data set was…

A: During exercise, there is an increase in metabolic needs of body tissue, especially muscles that are…

Q: As a result of the long refractory period in the contractile cell refractory period, cardiac muscle…

A: Muscles perform various functions as movement, which is the fundamental purpose of muscles is to…

Q: 87

A: Cardiac muscarinic antagonists are the agent that inhibits the function of the muscarinic receptors.…

Q: 14.The electrical stimulation of cardiac muscle via the conduction system, not the muscular…

A: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to measure the changes in the electrocardiograph. One cardiac cycle…

Q: Leaky Na+ channels in the cells of the SA Node do which of the following?   a-allow a slow…

A: d-allow a slow depolarization that eventually reaches the threshold for voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.

Q: 1. The sympathetic nervous increases the heart rate by binding to F-type Na channels and increasing…

A: Introduction: The brief sequence of events in the membrane potential following excitation is…

Q: . What is cardiac output? 2. What are the determinants of cardiac output?

A: Heart is a muscular organ that functions to pump blood throughout the body by repeated, rhythmic…

Q: 1. State the typical values for each of the following factors that are regulated by homeostasis:…

A: Homeostasis is the process by which a system is kept in equilibrium or this is also defined as a…

Q: 30. Using the Baro-receptor feedback mechanism, the parasysmpathetic nervous system can affect which…

A: Baroreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor allowing for the relay of information derived from blood…

Q: Categorize the feedback mechanisms components below during BP regulation. stretch pressure receptor…

A: 1. Sensor  2 effector

Q: 9..

A: Bradycardia is defined as a slower heart rate than normal. An average healthy person has a heart…

Q: Complete the sentence: ions initiate depolarization of cardiac muscle cells and ions are responsible…

A: Excitability is defined as the ability of the living tissue to give response to a stimulus. In all…

Q: 1. Describe the steps in the actión nembrane potential, ion movements and the state of ion channels…

A: Cardiac muscle cells are specialised auto rhythmic cells which can initiate action potential without…

Q: Draw a ventricular muscle cell action potential. Describe the changes in membrane permeability that…

A: The second deflection is caused by ventricular depolarization. The QRS complex appears after 0.15…

Q: Ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons in the brain have been implicated in the etiology of symptoms…

A: The VTA or the ventral tegmental area neurons are the group of neurons present in the midline on the…

Q: 3. After standard physical loading in a sportsman it was stated in the first minute of the rest: 1)…

A: Homeostasis is a self-regulating process in the body that maintains a dynamic equilibrium between…

Q: Referring to the following hydrostatic and oncotic pressures across a muscle capillary wall, which…

A: Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the outward pressure applied by the stream of blood on the vessel…

Q: What is hyperkalemia and what is the clinical term for its chronotropic effect on the heart?

A: Hyperkalemia is the condition for excess calcium levels in the blood.

Q: In a cardiac contractile cell what is the mechanism involved in the change in membrane potential?…

A: The cardiac contractile cell undergoes various changes in order to perform several activities and…

Q: 4. Use the formula for blood pressure, to answer the following: a. If cardiac output increases, then…

A: The blood pressure of normal individual is 120/80 mmHg.  80 mmHg is a diastolic blood pressure.…

Q: A drug that blocks the cardiac muscarinic receptor might be expected to: Increased heart rate…

A: We know that Cardiac muscarinic antagonists are the agent that inhibits the function of the…

Q: 6. The ECG records the electrical stimulation of cardiac muscle by the conduction system and not the…

A: The thick middle layer of the heart is the myocardium (cardiac muscle). Along with skeletal and…

Q: 22. Define Ventricular Fibrillation. Describe what is happening electrically during VF.

A: Dysrhythmias Cardiac dysrhythmia is associated with abnormal electrical impulse conduction…

Q: A drug that blocks the cardiac muscarinic receptor might be expected to: Increased heart rate…

A: Cardiac muscarinic antagonists are the agent that inhibits the function of the muscarinic receptors.…

Q: 2. Explain the pressure and volume changes in the ventricle during the following phases of the…

A: The cardiac cycle refers to the series of events that occur during one heartbeat, including the…

Q: 9. What are the phases of the cardiac cycle and what occurs during each?

A: The cardiac cycle represents the functioning of the human heart from the resolution of one heart…

Q: 5. Compared with resting values, blood flow changes in various organs during moderate exercise are…

A: Question is related to effect of exercise on blood supply of body.  Detailed solution in step 2.

Q: Use the following scenario to answer the following three questions. You transition from a walk to a…

A: The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system that is responsible for generation of blood…

Q: Patients with what underlying condition cannot undergo Fick’s method of Cardiac output measurement?

A: Adolf Fick gave the theory for ficks method of calculating cardiac output.

Q: 10. Explain how the following factors affect heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output…

A: Introduction: The pulse rate is another name for the heart rate. It is the number of heartbeats in…

Q: the time for one AP to occur Membrane Potential (mv) +20 <-20 -40 -60 0 sec • repolarization JA 0.8…

A: The cardiac action potential is a brief change in voltage called membrane potential across the cell…

Q: 2. During standard physical activity - 20 squats in 30 seconds. heart rate increases due to the…

A: With an emphasis on the limbic region of the brain and the sympathetic nervous system, we will…

Q: 5. W hich structure is present in the right ventricle of the sheep's heart, but not in the left…

A: The question asks the structure located in the right ventricle but not in the left ventricle of the…

Q: 6. What would happen to the heart's electrical activity if the resting mem permeability of sodium…

A: The heart is an organ that lies in the middle mediastinum; it is surrounded by a fibro-serous sac…

Q: 2. Describe the differences in generating action potentials between the cardiac electrical cells and…

A: The term "pacemaker cells" refers to the cells that set the rhythm of the heartbeat. They are…

Q: A 65-year old man with heart failure is unable to climb a flight of stairs without experiencing…

A: Digoxin is a type of cardiac glycoside medication used in the treatment and management of heart…

Q: ##3.

A: Inotropes are drugs that alter the strength of your heart's contractions. As we know Positive and…

Q: Can the radii of arterioles be adjusted independently to variably distribute cardiac output (amount…

A: The vascular tree of the body, which is made up of progressively smaller arteries, arterioles, and…