Jenny works on a cow farm and has recently come down with a certain type of flu that has never been seen before. What's the likely mechanism that has brought about this particular novel virus? a. Antigenic drift b. Point mutation c. Avian recombination d. Hybridization e. Antigenic shift

A positive-strand RNA virus: a.must first be converted to a mRNA before viralproteins can be translated   b.is not recognized by host ribosomes. c.can directly translate viral proteins. d.will be degraded by host enzymes. e.needs RNA dependent RNA polymerase to get converted into mRNA

The rabies virus has an extremely broad host range. It has been found in a large number of mammals, birds, and may infect insects and reptiles. Hypothesize what may be true about this virus to give it such a broad host range.

1. These viruses have likely been around for a very long time. Why are they suddenly evolving to infect human hosts? 2. Looking at the phylogeny below which shows the relationships between the original SARS-CoV virus and the one we are currently facing, SARS-CoV-2. What is the evidence (in the figure that SARS-CoV-2 did not arise from SARS-CoV in humans? 3. What is the evidence  (shown in the figure) that the likely origin of CoV-2 is a bat and not a pangolin?

7) dsDNA viruses can have more genetic material than ssRNA viruses because: a. RNA catalyzes its own hydrolysis. b. A second strand improves the stability of nucleotides c. DNAS have improved stability and lower mutation rates because of host repair proteins. d. The extra hydroxyl group makes RNA more energetically expensive for host cells.

How is HIV different than the flu virus?  Why can we make vaccines for some viruses but not all?

How does genetic therapy differ from traditional methods of treating a disease?   a. It targets the effects of the disease  b. In some cases, it fixes the genetic code itself  c. It reverses the damage done to the body d. It replaces the need for organ transplant

3) It is now 2085 and the world is experiencing another pandemic viral infection. The scientist that discovers the virus, purifies out the genetic information and learns that it has a sequence that is: 26% Cytosine 21% Adenine 28% Uracil and 25% Guanine What sort of genetic information does this new virus have? DNA or RNA? Single or Double Stranded? Explain how you know!

A new virus has recently been discovered that infects human lymphocytes. The virus can be grown in the laboratory using cultured lymphocytes as host cells. Design an experiments using a radioactive label that would tell you if the virus contains DNA or RNA.

In which bacteriophage life cycle does the phage DNA become incorporated into the bacterial chromosome? a. Lytic b. Lysogenic c. Both lytic and lysogenic d. Neither lytic nor lysogenic