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- Conotoxin is produced by marine cone snails. Among its effects is to block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in n eurons. A. What anatomical part of a neuron would be affected by conotoxin? B. How would the neuron's action potential be affected by conotoxin? Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosis C. If conotoxin affected a somatic motor neuron, would this toxin cause muscle weakness or increased muscle tension? Explain why.Activation of the beta-gamma subunit associated with the Go protein complex would lead to what outcome? 1.closing of presynaptic Ca++ channels 2.postsynaptic depolarization 3.postsynaptic hyperpolarization 4.increased production of cAMPD Question 18 Which of the following statements describes the signal amplification that results from activation of the G-protein coupled receptor? Fragmentation of the G-protein leads to an increase in entropy O The binding of a ligand to the receptor increases the chances of the receptor binding a G-protein The binding of a G-protein to the receptor increases the chances of it exchanging GDP for GTP O The ligand is bound to the receptor sufficiently long such that the receptor can fragment several G-proteins
- Place the following events in the correct order 1.depolarasatin reaches the nrve terminal 2.diffusion of the calcuim into the cell 3.vesicle containing neurotransmitter reaches the cell membrane 4.exocytosis 6.large amount of neurotransmitters is broken dow and reuptake takes place 7.Binding of the neurotransmittor to the postsynaptic membrane 8.neurotransmitter reaches the synaptic cliffThe hormone aldosterone regulates blood pressure through: A. Reabsorption of sodium. B. Secretion of sodium C. Reabsorption of potassium D. Secretion of potassium E. Secretion of calcium Why does a hormone (for example, epinephrine) generate different reactions in different target cells (for example, in smooth muscle cells)? A. Because the reaction of the cell depends on the amount of the hormone. B. Because of the influence of environment on the cell; for example, body temperature. C. Because cells have different receptor proteins; say, α-and β-receptors. D. It depends on the circumstances; sometimes cell reacts one way, sometimes another. E It depends on the influence of other surrounding cells.Calcium is vital for bone growth, but it's also an important part of neural transmission. The role of calcium in neural transmission is that it enables the axon terminals to effectively Select one: a. secrete neurotransmitter into the synapse via exocytosis b. reabsorb neurotransmitter from the synapse via endocytosis after an action potential c. reabsorb neurotransmitter from the synapse via exocytosis after an action potential d. secrete neurotransmitter into the synapse via endocytosis
- Parkinson’s disease is a devastating, progressive disorder ofthe central nervous system. Damage to dopaminergic nervetracts in the brain causes tremors and impaired musclecoordination. An early-onset (inherited) form of the diseasehas been linked to a defective protein, now called parkin.Parkin has E3 activity. Describe, in general terms, howneurons with this defective protein are damaged.Match the following description of a cell signal with signal type A. signals across gap junctions B. signal involves a neurotransmitter, short lived C. signal can travel long distances and to many cell types D. communication between neighboring cells, signals short lived E. None of the Above A 1. Paracrine select 2. Direct contact select v 3. Endocrine select - 4. synaptic select 5. Cyclic AMPThis is a biology question regarding nerve impulses. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a condition where tumours can grow in the nerves near the skin. The growth of tumours prevents the action potentials from quickly travelling through the neurons. Identify the nerve structure from the image below and the division of the nervous system affected by neurofibromatosis type 1. CNS = Central Nervous System PNS = Peripheral Nervous System Select one: a. Nerve Structure Division of Nervous System 3 PNS b. Nerve Structure Division of Nervous System 4 CNS c. Nerve Structure Division of Nervous System 5 PNS d. Nerve Structure Division of Nervous System 1 CNS
- For cardiac myocytes, which of these downstream activities WOULD NOT occur when norepinephrine binds to the B, receptors of that cell? Answers A - D A PK-A phosphorylates the L-type Ca" channels increasing Ca" influx into the cell. B More Ca" is released into the cytoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum because of calcium induced calcium release. PK-A phosphorylates phospholamban which then inhibits the reuptake of Ca" back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. PK-A phosphorylates the regulating proteins on troponin so that troponin will release Ca" quicker.Please note these are all one question group and should be answered as such! Which of the following statements accurately defines epineurium? A. Fluid-filled space at a synapse through which neurotransmitters diffuse B. A vesicle containing neurotransmitters in the axon terminal of a neuron C. The CT sheath that binds together the groups of fascicles, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels in a peripheral nerve D. The branch of the ANS that adapts the body for rest and digestion Which of the following statements accurately defines sacral plexus? A. The ventral rami of C1–C4 (and a small contribution from C5) that serve the head and neck B. The ventral rami of L1–L4 that serve the pelvis and lower limb C. The ventral rami of C5–T1 that serve the upper limb D. The ventral rami of L4–S4 that serve the pelvis and lower limbCatecholamine (Epinephrine)-blockers are often used as a treatment to dilate blood vessels and therefore decrease arterial blood pressure (as a treatment for hypertension). This fact is excellent evidence to prove that the nervous system normally controlling the diameter of the arterial blood vessels is the: a. Somatosensory nervous system b. Sympathetic nervous system c. Reticular attenuating nervous system d. Parasympathetic nervous system