In chapter 7, you learned about preoperational thinking. In chapter 9, you now are learning about concrete operational thinking. In chapter 11, you will learn about formal operational thinking. After you review the appropriate sections in these three chapters, indicate which of the following cases best illustrates concrete operations. Hint: There is more than one example of concrete operational thinking.     Her teacher asks Mary, “How can the scale be brought back into balance?” Mary replies, “The only way to do that is to remove the weight that made one pan sink lower than the other.”     Bobby states, “I understand how this nickel and these five pennies are the same as this dime.”     Tim is working on analogies. He declares, “Biking is to pedaling as riding in a car is to stepping on the gas pedal because they both make the vehicle go!”     Ray says, “A fly is like both insects and birds. It’s like birds because it flies, but it’s like insects because it has six legs.”     Katie is asked, “Do you have a brother?” She says, “Yes.” Then she is asked, “Does he have a sister?” She answers, “No.”

Her teacher asks Mary, “How can the scale be brought back into balance?” Mary replies, “The only way to do that is to remove the weight that made one pan sink lower than the other.”

Bobby states, “I understand how this nickel and these five pennies are the same as this dime.”

Tim is working on analogies. He declares, “Biking is to pedaling as riding in a car is to stepping on the gas pedal because they both make the vehicle go!”

Ray says, “A fly is like both insects and birds. It’s like birds because it flies, but it’s like insects because it has six legs.”

Katie is asked, “Do you have a brother?” She says, “Yes.” Then she is asked, “Does he have a sister?” She answers, “No.”