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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
In a cell that produces only one type of protein, which of the following statements about the relationship between hnRNA and mRNA is TRUE? O Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is always larger than mRNA. O Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is always smaller than mRNA. O Heterogeneous nuclear RNA and mRNA are typically the same size. O Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is always the same molecule as mRNA. There is no consistent relationship between the size of the two molecules.
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- Geneticists are studying a malfunctioning protein that causes impaired endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. They have noticed that the amino acid sequence of the protein is truncated compared to normal controls. The mutated mRNA strand is isolated, and analysis shows a nonsense mutation located near the 3' end of the coding region. The 3' terminal coding sequence of the abnormal mRNA strand is shown below. 5`- AUG-ACC-ACU-CCA-CUG-UUG-UUC-CAA-GGG-GAG-AGC-UAG-GUC-CGG-GGC-GGA-AAA-UUU-UAA-3` Write down the tRNA anticodon responsible for adding the last amino acid?Given the following mRNA sequence, what is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide that will be produced in the cell? 5’ – CGAGGUAUGCCAACGUGCGUCUAAUCCCGA-3Several different nucleic acids are involved in the process of getting a protein produced from a gene. DNA contains the "genetic code" for the protein. DNA is double-stranded, but only one strand is transcribed into MRNA. The MRNA then goes into the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein with the help of TRNA. At each stage of the process, there is base complementarity (A pairs with T/U and C pairs with G) between the nucleic acids involved to ensure the integrity of the DNA blueprint for the protein being produced. Therefore, some of the four strands of nucleic acids involved will match (except U replaces T in RNA) and some will have base complementarity. Indicate whether there is matching (1) or base complementarity (2) between the following nucleic acids. DNA sense strand and MRNA DNA sense strand and tRNA DNA antisense strand and MRNA MRNA and TRNA
- Which statement is false: A) Each type of protein ( ex: hemoglobin vs trypsionngen) varies in the length and amino acid sequence of its peptide B) After the rpocess of transcription is complete, the mRNA that is produced will continue being tranlsated by ribosomes for the rest of the cells life. mRNA never breaks down C) A ribosome will bind to an mRNA and will translate the sequence by reading one codon at a time and adding one amino acid to the peptide chain. It will stop the translation once it encounters a stop codon D) The gene for a protein provides the information on the legth of the peptide, along w the amino acid sequence so the protein can be synthesized by a ribosome E) Once mRNA has left the nucleus, ribosomes will bind to it and will follow the instructions in its sequence to make the new protienThe following is a portion of a protein: met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-pro-thr-Various mutant forms of this protein have been recovered. Using the normal and mutant sequences, determine the DNA and mRNA sequences that code for this portion of the protein, and explain each of the mutations. a. met-trp- b. met-cys-ile-val-val-leu-gln- c. met-trp-tyr-arg-ser-pro-thr- d. met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-ala-val-ile-ser-pro-thr-Which of the following describe how the order of nucleotide bases along a gene in the DNA ultimately determines the primary structure of a protein and how the primary structure ultimately determines the three-dimensional shape and function of the protein coded for by that gene. A Certain amino acids in a protein interact with other amino acids in that same protein and so the order of amino acids ultimately determines the 3-dimensional tertiary structure of that protein. B The order of nucleotide bases along the DNA is transcribed into complementary tRNA which is translated into the correct amino acid sequence for the protein by mRNA. C The order of nucleotide bases along a gene determines the order of amino acids in the resulting protein. The order of amino acids in the protein is called its secondary structure.
- Hydrogen bonds are important in DNA replication and transcription. They are relatively weak chemical bonds. Why is this a desirable feature for DNA? Describe the effect (s) of changing (mutating) the promoter on the transcription of the DNA strand/gene the promoter controls. What happens to protein synthesis if a nonsense codon is inserted into the gene? Explain why a point mutation does not necessarily change the original amino acid sequence. (Explain silent mutations) Choose any pentapeptide composed of five different amino acids. List the amino acids. Present one messenger RNA codon for each amino acids and the sequence of nucleotides on the DNA that originally coded for your pentapeptide.Unlike in prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells... Group of answer choices are separated: transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, and translation occurs in the nucleus. occur together in the cytosol. occur together in the nucleus. are separated, except for proteins that bind to the DNA and ribosomes, which are translated in the nucleus. are separated: transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.A segment of mRNA produced by the normal order of DNA nucleotides and the corresponding amino acid chain are given below: mRNA segment: GCC UAC AAU GCG Amino acid chain: Ala-Tyr-Asn-Ala Knowing that insertion mutations shift the triplets by one base, if an insertion mutation adds a U to the beginning of that mRNA segment, what will be the new triplet/codon grouping and the new amino acid chain? Group of answer choices a. U GCC UAC AAU GCG; Ala-Tyr-Asn-Ala b. UCC UAC AAU GCG; Ser-Leu-Gln-Cys c. UGC CUA CAA UGC G; Cys-Leu-Gln-Cys d. UGC CUA CAA UGC G; Ala-Tyr-Asn-Ala e. UGCC UAC AAU GCG; Cys-Tyr-Asn-Ala
- Cystic Fibrosis is a genetically heritable disease caused by the loss of the chloride channel, CFTR. Studies of this gene have found that the Gene includes 250,000bp in the DNA. Scientists found that the mRNA had 6,500 nucleotides, and the final protein had 1480 amino acids. How much of the mRNA is untranslated? How much of the RNA that is produced does not leave the nucleus? One of the mutations that results in a disease phenotype can be easily identified because the mutation results in a much longer mRNA then normal. Where would you look for this mutation? What might this mutation have affected?(b) (c) Point mutations in multiple tumor suppressor proteins have been linked to cancer. For example changes in the gene for adenomatous-polyposis-coli protein (APC gene) may result in colorectal cancer. Consider the following DNA sense strand. 3-TAC CGG TTG TGA AGC TGA ATC-5' Derive the mRNA molecule from the given DNA strand sequence above, paying attention to the polarity of the molecule. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Write down the polypeptide chain sequence arising from the mRNA molecule of the question above, using the table of the genetic code (Table Q1 overleaf) and indicate the C- and the N-terminus of the peptide chain. Point mutations of a cytosine (C) often lead to the dysfunction of the APC protein. Write down all possible polypeptide chains that can result from all possible DNA mutations of cytosines, disregarding a mutation in the MET/START and STOP codons. Specify which of the point mutations identified in (d) are redundant? For the given tRNA for Thrombin (Thr) write down all…Table 8.2: Transcription and translation of the first 7 codons in the B-globin chain of hemoglobin. Normal Sequence Mutated Sequence DNA DNA amino acid DNA DNA amino Codon MRNA Codon MRNA coding template strand coding template strand strand acid code code strand sequence sequence G 1 1 G G C 2 A 2 A 3 G G A A 4 4 C G A G G G G 7 A 7 A G G Shape of RBC Shape of RBC 23 3.