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- Illustrate the process of stringent response in bacterias and explain the concepts behind itDescribe the three different methods of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria and mention their significance. Be specific when discussing the donor versus recipient cell, and if the donor and recipient cells are still alive after each horizontal gene transfer event is complete. Please be detailed.describe: The way in which the magnetosomes present in the bacteria behave like magnets.
- Explain why bacterial chemotaxis is referred to as a “biased random walk”Illustrate the label diagram and show uniport ,antiport and symport?Soil bacteria such as Streptomyces spp. produce the bulk of known antibiotics. It has been suggested that in nature antibiotics serve as signaling molecules, allowing members of the same species or strain to communicate. If this is the case, what might these molecular signals be “saying” and how would such a message be transmitted?
- Explain in molecular terms how a bacterial cell is made lysogenic by a temperate phage such a lambdaName and briefly describe the three different mechanisms that bacteria utilize to transfer genetic information horizontally. (Do not include transposons here)Describe the differences in gene expression that can occur in cells that are attached to a biofilm and those who are swimming alone in the bulk solution.
- There is a group of six or so genes, called luxlux genes, whose gene products are necessary for light formation. Given that these bacterial genes are regulated together, propose a hypothesis for how the genes are organized and regulated. Match the terms in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Terms can be used once, more than once, or not at all. Terms: metaboliozed, density, quorum sensing, state, signal amplification, inhibit, activate, detected, secrete, transcrption initiation complex, consume, operon Bacterial cells blank molecules that can be blank by other bacterial cells. Sensing the concentration of such signalling molecules allows bacteria to monitor the local blank of cells, a phenomenon called blank. There is a group of genes in the genome of the described bacterium, called luxgenes, which are organized in an blank. Reaching a certain concentration, molecules involved in this process blank the luxgenes. As a result, the…In the experiment performed by Messelson and Stahl, bacterial cells grown in 15N-containing growth medium for many generations were then allowed to grow in 14N-containing medium. Suppose they would have conducted the experiment the other way around: that is, to first grow bacterial cells in 14N-containing medium for many generations and then switching them to a 15N-containing growth medium. After two generations of growth in 15N media the results of a CsCl density gradient centrifugation of the DNA would be expected to show O one band of intermediate density and one band of high-density (i.e. heavy band) one band on intermediate density O one band of intermediate-density and one band of low-density (i.e. light band) one band of low density (L.e. light band) and one band of high density (1.e. heavy band). one band of low density (I.e. light band), one band of intermediate density, and one band of high density (i.e. heavy band).In the experiment performed by Messelson and Stahl, bacterial cells grown in 15N-containing growth medium for many generations were then allowed to grow in 14N-containing medium. Suppose they would have conducted the experiment the other way around: that is, to first grow bacterial cells in 14N-containing medium for many generations and then switching them to a 15N-containing growth medium. After two generations of growth in 15N media the results of a CsCl density gradient centrifugation of the DNA would be expected to show one band of intermediate-density and one band of low-density (i.e. light band) one band of low density (i.e. light band), one band of intermediate density, and one band of high density (i.e. heavy band). one band of intermediate density and one band of high-density (i.e. heavy band) one band on intermediate density one band of low density (i.e. light band) and one band of high density (i.e. heavy band). O O