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Explain in molecular terms how a bacterial cell is made lysogenic by a temperate phage such a lambda
Introduction :-
Lysogeny is the process in which a temperate phage, such as lambda, infects a bacterial cell and integrates its genetic material into the bacterium's chromosome, becoming a prophage. The prophage remains in the bacterium's genome and is replicated along with the rest of the chromosome during cell division.
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- Describe the three different methods of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria and mention their significance. Be specific when discussing the donor versus recipient cell, and if the donor and recipient cells are still alive after each horizontal gene transfer event is complete. Please be detailed.Describe in detail the kinetics of phage infection followed by host lysis in bacteria. with examplesWhen bacteriophage P1 causes E. coli to lyse, the resulting materialis called a P1 lysate. What type of genetic material would befound in most of the P1 phages in the lysate? What kind of geneticmaterial is occasionally found within a P1 phage?
- The figure above shows a schematic of genes and transcription control elements from phage λ. Use this figure as an aid to help you describe the molecular events involved in: a) The establishment of lysogeny b) The establishment of a lytic life cycleBacterial conjugation has medical consequences. For example, certain plasmids contain genes that code for toxins. The causative agent of a deadly form of food poisoning, E. coli 0157, synthesizes a toxin that causes massive bloody diarrhea and kidney failure. This toxin is now believed to have originated in Shigella, another bacterium that causes dysentery. Similarly, the growing problem of antibiotic resistance is partly attributable to the spread of antibioticresistant genes among bacterial populations. Antibiotic resistance develops because antibiotics are overused in medical practice and in livestock feeds. Suggest a mechanism by which this extensive use promotes antibiotic resistance.An ade+ arg+ cys+ his+ leu+ pro+ bacterial strain is knownto be lysogenic for a newly discovered phage, but the siteof the prophage is not known. The bacterial map isleucysarghisadeproThe lysogenic strain is used as a source of the phage, andthe phages are added to a bacterial strain of genotypeade- arg- cys- his- leu- pro-. After a short incubation,samples of these bacteria are plated on six differentmedia, with the supplementations indicated in thefollowing table. The table also shows whether colonieswere observed on the various media.PresenceMedium Ade Arg Cys His Leu Pro of colonies1 - + + + + + N2 + - + + + + N3 + + - + + + C4 + + + - + + N5 + + + + - + C6 + + + + + - NNutrient supplementation in medium(In this table, a plus sign indicates the presence of anutrient supplement, a minus sign indicates that asupplement is not present, N indicates no colonies, and Cindicates colonies present.)a. What genetic process is at work here?b. What is the approximate locus of the prophage?
- Describe the events (in words) occurring during conjugation in bacterial cells (using F plasmid transfer)Lambda phage çan facilitate bacterial chemosomal DNA transfer through the process of specialized transduction / generalized transduction (copy and paste the correct answer) A by transferring specific bacterial DNA / bacterial DNA at random (copy and paste the correct answer) A from a donor cell / recipient cell (copy and paste the correct answer) A to a donor cell / recipient cell (copy and paste the correct answer).Briefly describe three different mechanisms for bacterial gene transfer
- Define the term cytopathic effect and provide one example.Ahmed had isolated bacteria from the sputum of a patient that seemed somewhat resistant to their antibiotic treatment, since multiple weeks of treatment had yielded no satisfactory improvement of their active disease. The researcher had then resuspended the patient's sputum in saline and used a mouse model to measure the efficiency of a phage selected for its capacity to target M. mycobacterium, as a single therapy, and as a combination therapy with antibiotics. Here is a schematic representation of the experiment: Group 1 Control (saline) Inoculate mice with patient sputum Group 2 wait for active Treated with phage disease to show Collect lung sample every 2 weeks Tuberculosis Sputum samples patient Group 3 Treated with Abx Group 4 Split mice showing active disease in 4 Treated with Abx and Count bacteria in sample groups phage Figure 4. Sputum from patients were isolated and resuspended in saline. Mice were given equal amounts of resuspended sputum intra-nasally and were left to…Ahmed had isolated bacteria from the sputum of a patient that seemed somewhat resistant to their antibiotic treatment, since multiple weeks of treatment had yielded no satisfactory improvement of their active disease. The researcher had then resuspended the patient's sputum in saline and used a mouse model to measure the efficiency of a phage selected for its capacity to target M. mycobacterium, as a single therapy, and as a combination therapy with antibiotics. Here is a schematic representation of the experiment: Group 1 Control (saline) Inoculate mice with patient sputum Group 2 wait for active disease to show Treated with phage Sputum samples Collect lung sample every 2 weeks Tuberculosis patient Group 3 Treated with Abx Split mice showing active disease in 4 Group 4 Treated with Abx and Count bacteria in sample groups phage Figure 4. Sputum from patients were isolated and resuspended in saline. Mice were given equal amounts of resuspended sputum intra-nasally and were left to…