If you find an RFLP in a gene when comparing sequences of two different people, does that mean that the gene is disrupted in one person? RFLP are never associated with a gene disruption Yes in the RFLP is in an exon It may be, or the RFLP may have no consequence on gene activity Yes, the gene must be disrupted in one of the people Yes, if the RFLP is in an intron
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- If the coding region of a gene (the exons) contains 2,100 base pairs of DNA, would a missense mutation cause a protein to be shorter, longer, or the same length as the normal 700 amino acid proteins? What would be the effect of a nonsense mutation? A sense mutation?Since it was deciphered four decades ago, somehave claimed that the genetic code must be a frozen acci-dent, while others have argued that it was shaped by nat-ural selection. A striking feature of the genetic code is itsinherent resistance to the effects of mutation. For example,a change in the third position of a codon often specifies thesame amino acid or one with similar chemical properties.The natural code resists mutation more effectively (is lesssusceptible to error) than most other possible versions, asillustrated in Figure Q1–1. Only one in a million comput-er-generated “random” codes is more error-resistant thanthe natural genetic code. Does the extraordinary mutationresistance of the genetic code argue in favor of its origin asa frozen accident or as a result of natural selection? Explainyour reasoning.. While perusing the E. coli K12 genome sequence,you come across a gene with no known function. Theamino acid sequence of the gene’s protein productshows weak similarities with known porins, proteinsthat cross a cellular membrane to let molecules suchas amino acid or sugar nutrients (or drugs like penicillin) pass through. Some porins are nonspecific and letany solute up to a certain size transit into the cell.Other porins are specific and allow the transit ofcertain sugars but not others. What genetic experiments could you do to try to determine whether thisnew gene has a specific function in allowing bacterialcells to scavenge the sugar maltose from the environment? Describe scenarios that might complicate yourexperimental approach.
- Do you think each of the following types of mutationswould have very severe effects, mild effects, or no effectat all?a. Nonsense mutations occurring in the sequences encoding amino acids near the N terminus of the proteinb. Nonsense mutations occurring in the sequences encoding amino acids near the C terminus of the proteinc. Frameshift mutations occurring in the sequences encoding amino acids near the N terminus of the protein d. Frameshift mutations occurring in the sequencesencoding amino acids near the C terminus of theproteine. Silent mutationsf. Conservative missense mutationsg. Nonconservative missense mutations affecting theactive site of the proteinh. Nonconservative missense mutations not in the active site of the proteinPredict the amino acid sequence produced during translationof the short theoretical mRNA sequences below. (Notethat the second sequence was formed from the first by a deletionof only one nucleotide.) What type of mutation gave rise tosequence 2? Sequence 1: 5'@AUGCCGGAUUAUAGUUGA@3' Sequence 2: 5'@AUGCCGGAUUAAGUUGA@3'Given the following genomic sequence which contains 2 exons and CDNA sequence predidt the amino acid sequence of the exons which are part of the coding region of a protein. How many nucleotides make up the intron? Second letter UAU TV UACJ UAA Stop|UGA Stop A UAG Stop UG Trp UUU1 Phe UUCJ UGU1, UGCJ UCU) Cys UCC Ser UCA ULA UCG CUUT CUC CUA CUG CCU CAUT C4C His CAAT CAGJ OGU CCC Leu CA CGC FArg CGA Gln CGG Pro CCG AUU AUC lle AUA ACU AGU AAU AACJ AAA 1 AAGYS Asn Ser ACC Thr ACA AGC. AGA Arg AUG Mer ACG, AGG GCU GAUT GACJ GGU GGC GUU Asp GUC Val GUA Gly Ala GAA Glu GAGJ GGA GGG GUG GCG G. Genomic antisense sequence: 5'-TAACTGATTCTAGGCTACTCTTTCACCTAA-3" CDNA sequence: 5'-TAACTGATTTCTTTCACCTAA-3" I Use the editor to format your answer First letter 皇 Third letter
- The following is the DNA sequence of the entire protein-coding region for some small gene in a eukaryote. Shown is the coding strand. The first row is the original sequence with no mutations. Subsequent rows represent a single mutation. Mutation DNA Sequence None 5' ..A TGGGCGAGGT ATTATA G.. 3 5' ..A TGGGCGAGAT AT TA TA G.. 3' 5' ..A TGGGCGAG GTA CTATA G.. 3' C 5'..A TG GCCGAGG TATTATA G.. 3' The region without a mutation is transcribed, and then translated. Give the protein that is translated from this section of DNA. Use the single letter abbriviations for amino acids with no spaces. N- -C Determine the molecular basis for each mutation and what effect there would on the protein. Mutation Molecular Basis Effect on ProteinThe amino acid sequence of part of a protein has beendetermined:N . . . Gly Ala Pro Arg Lys . . . CA mutation has been induced in the gene encodingthis protein using the mutagen proflavin. The resultingutant protein can be purified and its amino acidsequence determined. The amino acid sequence of themutant protein is exactly the same as the amino acidsequence of the wild-type protein from the N terminus of the protein to the glycine in the preceding sequence. Starting with this glycine, the sequence ofamino acids is changed to the following:N . . . Gly His Gln Gly Lys . . . CUsing the amino acid sequences, one can determinethe sequence of 14 nucleotides from the wild-typegene encoding this protein. What is this sequence?You genetically modified a bacterium so it can only produce ribosomes from a plant.The most immediate effect on this bacterium would be;A. Nothing. It would produce proteins as normal because the genetic code isessentially universalB. It may not be able to produce proteinsC. It would not be able to transcribe mRNAD. It would not be able to remove intronsSelect the best option above and explain why you chose that answer. Yourexplanation should include a description of the role of the ribosome in the cell andhow it interacts with mRNA and tRNA. As well as explanations for why the other options are not correct
- Question 10 Review mutations. Match the term and its description. Each term can only be used once. changes in just one nucleotide pair of a gene | Choose | These mutations have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code [ Choose J These mutations still code for an amino acid, but not the correct | Choose | amino acid These mutations change an amino acid codon into a stop codon: most lead to a nonfunctional protein | Choose In this mutation, insertion or deletion of nucleotides may alter the reading frame | Choose | additions of nucleotide pairs in a gene | Choose > > > > >They want to insert a small sequence into the gene which will be read in the same frame, so that itforms part of the final protein product. They want this new section of protein to be at the N-terminus ofthe original protein.Which of the lettered arrowheads indicates the location where this insertion would need to be?(There could be one answer or several. Give all answers that apply).Some exons in the human genome are quite small (lessthan 75 bp long). Identification of such “microexons” isdifficult because these distances are too short to reliablyuse ORF identification or codon bias to determine ifsmall genomic sequences are truly part of an mRNAand a polypeptide. What techniques of “gene finding”can be used to try to assess if a given region of 75 bpconstitutes an exon?