If we could capture the spectrum of an exoplanet, we may find evidence for life on that planet in the form of ....

. (07.07 HC) Darwin explored the Galapagos Islands and observed variations of certain species. For example, he saw that the mockingbirds on three different islands were distinct but still similar to the mockingbirds found on the mainland. The level of diversity in an ecosystem can be determined by the frequency of speciation and extinction. (8 points) a. Describe speciation and identify two possible prezygotic barriers of the mockingbirds that contribute to speciation. b. If the mockingbirds became extinct, explain how this could lead to adaptive radiation.

Assume a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe, dominated by a fluid with equation of state P = c²wp, where the equation of state parameter w is a constant. a) Calculate p(a), the dependence of the energy density p on the scale factor a. b) Determine the value of the equation of state parameter w that gives rise to a scale factor evolution a(t) x t.

If a species is immutable (mutations do not occur) is evolution possible? Explain