Identify the possible etiologies (causes) of Diabetes mellitus. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY A. Reduced effects of insulin on cells of the body B. Increased digestion of carbs in the pancreas C. Pregnancy D. Loss of insulin production by the pancreas.

Describe the causes and signs and symptoms of i)hypothyroidism  ii) hyperthyroidism.  Explain why patients experience these symptoms.  ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: What is thyroxine, and where it is produced in the body? What does thyroxine normally do in the body ? (i.e. what is its function) Explain why lack of (or excess) thyroxine disrupts these processes; symptoms experienced by people with thyroid disorders.  1. Hypothyroidism- what are the most common causes?  Why do patients experience symptoms such as poor ability to tolerate cold temperatures, fatigue, bradycardia,  constipation,  depression,  weight gain?  What happens if untreated during pregnancy? 2. Hyperthyroidism  - what are the most common causes?.  Why do patients experience symptoms such as weight loss, nervousness, weakness, hair loss, goitre, irregular heartbeat, difficulty sleeping?

Discuss the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and explain the reasons for the sign/symptoms seen in diabetes.  ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Type 1 - causes ,incidence Type 2 - cause, incidence Lack of insulin to blood glucose levels rise ( hyperglycaemia e.g. 20mmol/or more); glucose can not move into cells to provide energy for metabolic reactions. Link to symptoms,  e.g. tiredness, hunger.  Glucose excreted in urine ( exceeds renal threshold). Link to polyuria,thirst,dehydration - protein broken down to form more glucose (gluconeogenesis): provides energy to cells.  -Link Fats broken down to FFA and glycerol for glucose production (gluconeogenesis). Link to weight loss.  Link excess ketone bodies formed from fat break down to ketoacidosis. Link to ketone in urine (ketonuria), vomiting,  coma.

Define hyperthyroidism and explain why one of its symptoms is weight loss. ANSWERS SHOULD INCLUDE: Meaning of the term "hyperthyroidism ", and state the common causes . Explain effects of T3 and T4 (i.e. basal metabolic rate, consumption of calories and heat production)