Problem # 4
Idea Inc. is a small publishing company operating in the college and textbook market, which is one of the most profitable segments for book publishers. Idea Inc. has a cost of producing, handling, and shipping of about $30 for each additional book. The publisher’s overall marketing and promotion spending (set annually) accounts for an average cost of about $10 per book. Idea Inc.’s best-selling
a) Determine the profit-maximizing output and
b) A rival publisher has raised the price of its best-selling game theory text by $20. One option is to exactly match this price hike and so exactly preserve your level of sales. Do you endorse this price increase? (Explain briefly why or why not.)
c) To save significantly on fixed costs, Idea Inc. plans to contract out the actual printing of its textbooks to outside vendors. When this happens, Idea Inc. expects to pay a somewhat higher printing cost per book (than in part a) from the outside vendor (who marks up price above its cost to make a profit). How would outsourcing affect the output and pricing decisions in part a?
Step by stepSolved in 5 steps with 2 images
- Two firms compete on price every year. The inverse demand function each firm faces depends on which firm has chosen the lowest price that year. The one that did captures the entire market. If, on the other hand, both prices are the same then they split the market evenly. Consumers round up prices to the nearest integer. For the firm with the lowest price p, demand is given by: q = 24-2p: Marginal costs are constant and equal to $4 for both firms. a. Define the Normal form of the stage game and determine the Nash Equilibria, the Cooperative Equilibrium and the Optimal Deviation from cooperation. b. For the once repeated (2 stages) game, determine if a Nash Equilibrium exists that improves on simply playing the (better) Nash Equilibrium of the stage game twice c. For the infinitely repeated game, determine what the interest rate would have to be to prevent the firms from cooperating. d*. Determine the relation between the interest rate and the number of punishment periods in a…arrow_forwardConsider a Leader-Follower duopoly, the firms face an (inverse) demand function: Pb = 530 - 17 Qb.The marginal cost for firm 1 (The Leader) is given by mc1 = 12 Q.The marginal cost for firm 2 (The Follower) is given by mc2 = 9 Q. (Assume firm 1 has a fixed cost of $ 157 and firm 2 has a fixed cost of $ 113 .) How much DWL is created by the Leader-Follower industry structure ?arrow_forwardSuppose the European Union (EU) was investigated and proposed a merger between two of the largest distillers of premium Scotch liquor. Based on some economists’ definition of the relevant market, the two firms proposing to merge enjoyed a combined market share of about two-thirds, while another firm essentially controlled the remaining share of the market. Additionally, suppose that the (wholesale) market elasticity of demand for Scotch liquor is −1.4 and that it costs $15.90 to produce and distribute each liter of Scotch. Based only on these data, provide quantitative estimates of the likely pre- and postmerger prices in the wholesale market for premium Scotch liquor. Instructions: Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your final responses rounded to the nearest penny (two decimal places). Pre-merger price: $ Post-merger price: $arrow_forward
- Consider an industry with two identical firms (denoted firm 1 and 2) producing a homogenous good. Firms compete in quantities. Firm 1 has a constant marginal cost of 20. Firm 2 has a constant marginal cost of 80. Demand in the industry is given by D(p) = 380 - p. Let q1 and 92 denote the quantities of firm 1 and 2, respectively. Derive the Nash equilibrium in quantities. What is the total production in this industry?arrow_forwardhelp mearrow_forwardIn the late 1990s, Vanguard Airlines operated as a low-cost carrier, offering low prices and limited services, out of Kansas City, Missouri. Not long after its inception, Vanguard began offering a significant number of flights based out of Midway International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, as well. When Vanguard expanded to Midway, incumbent airlines, such as Delta, quickly responded to its low fares by offering many competing flights at comparably low prices. The intense price competition ultimately caused Vanguard to exit Midway in 2000 and file for bankruptcy in 2002. At varying points in time, the airline industry has been described as a contestable market; does the example of Vanguard support or refute this characterization of the airline industry? Explainarrow_forward
- Three oligopolistic banks operate in the loan market with the inverse demand functiongiven by r (Q) = a-Q, where r is the interest rate per unit of loan and Q = q1 +q2 +q3and qi>=0 is the total amount of loans issued by bank i = 1, 2, 3. Also, a > 0 is aconstant. The cost of funds for bank i is given by cqi, where c belongs (0, a) is a constant.A bank's profit from loans is (r -c)qi. (1) Suppose the banks engage in Cournot competition. Find the symmetricNash equilibrium. How much profit does each bank make? (2) Now suppose banks compete in the following sequential manner: Bank1 chooses q1. Then banks 2 and 3 observe q1 and then simultaneously choose q2and q3, respectively. Find the subgame perfect equilibrium. How much profit doeseach bank make here? Does bank 1 enjoy an advantage being the first mover?arrow_forwardIf United Airlines acted as a "price leader" and all other airlines simply charged the same prices that United Airlines charged, then the Anti-Trust Department might consider this illegal because it is a form of "silent collusion." Multiple Choice The U.S. Anti-Trust Department has always considered "silent collusion" as suspicious and it does consider this pricing strategy to be illegal. There is no such term as "silent collusion" in microeconomics. Matching the prices of the price leader is a good example of a competitive market. The famous 1982 anti-monopoly IBM court case said that this pricing strategy within an industry is legal as long as the firms fill out quarterly reports to keep the U.S. Anti-Trust Department informed.arrow_forwardConsider a duopoly market, where two firms sell differentiated products, which are imperfect substitutes. The market can be modelled as a static price competition game, similar to a linear city model. The two firms choose prices p, and p2 simultaneously. The derived demand functions for the two firms are: D1 (P1, P2) = SG+P1)and D2 (P1, P2)= S(;+-P2), where S > 0 and the parameter t > 0 measures the 2t 2t degree of product differentiation. Both firms have constant marginal cost c> 0 for production. (a) Derive the Nash equilibrium of this game, including the prices, outputs and profit of the two firms. (b) From the demand functions, qi= D¡ (p; , p¡ )= SG+P), derive the residual inverse demand functions: p; = P; (qi , p¡) (work out: P; (qi , P;)). Show that for t > 0, P;(qi , P;) is downward 2t aPi (qi ,Pj) . sloping, i.e., c, i.e., firm į has market power. %3D (c) Calculate the limits of the equilibrium prices and profit as t → 0 ? What is P; (qi , p;) as t → 0? Is it downward sloping?…arrow_forward
- You have three tickets to a Celtics game on a night that you are going to be out of town (so the value of unsold tickets is zero to you). There are only four possible buyers of a Celtics ticket. The table below lists the respective reservation prices of these four possible buyers: Customer Reservation Price 1 $25 2 $35 3 $50 4 $60 You consider inviting bids using an English auction to sell your tickets. How much total revenue can you generate using the English auction mechanism from the sale of the three tickets? [Bids can be made in increments of $1.00]arrow_forwardAdditional Problem 3: Assume two companies (C and D) are Cournot duopolists that produce identical products. Demand for the products is given by the following linear demand function: ? = 600 − ?C − ?D where ?C and ?D are the quantities sold by the respective firms and P is the price. Total cost functions for the two companies are ??C= 25,000 +100?C 2 ??D = 20,000 + 125?D c. Determine the equilibrium price and quantities sold by each firm. d.Determine the profits for the market as well as eachfirm.arrow_forwardConsider the following oligopolistic market. In the first stage, Firm 1 chooses quantity q1₁. Firms 2 and 3 observe Firm 1's choice, and then proceed to simultaneously choose 92 and 93, respectively. Market demand is given by p(Q) = 100 – · Q, and Q = 9₁ +92 +93. Firm 1's costs are c₁ (9₁) = 591, firm 2's costs are c₂ (92) = 492 and firm 3's costs are C3 (93) = 493. C2 Starting from the end of the game, you can express Firm 2's best response function in terms of 9₁ and 93, and you can similarly express Firm 3's best response function in terms of 9₁ and 92. Using these, answer the following questions. If rounding is needed, write your answers to 3 decimal places. a) If Firm 1 chooses q₁ = 3, what quantity will Firm 2 choose? b) If Firm 1 chooses 9₁ = 100, what quantity will Firm 2 choose? c) In the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of this game, firm 1 produces what quantity? d) In the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of this game, firm 2 and firm 3 each produce what quantity?arrow_forward
- Principles of Economics (12th Edition)EconomicsISBN:9780134078779Author:Karl E. Case, Ray C. Fair, Sharon E. OsterPublisher:PEARSONEngineering Economy (17th Edition)EconomicsISBN:9780134870069Author:William G. Sullivan, Elin M. Wicks, C. Patrick KoellingPublisher:PEARSON
- Principles of Economics (MindTap Course List)EconomicsISBN:9781305585126Author:N. Gregory MankiwPublisher:Cengage LearningManagerial Economics: A Problem Solving ApproachEconomicsISBN:9781337106665Author:Luke M. Froeb, Brian T. McCann, Michael R. Ward, Mike ShorPublisher:Cengage LearningManagerial Economics & Business Strategy (Mcgraw-...EconomicsISBN:9781259290619Author:Michael Baye, Jeff PrincePublisher:McGraw-Hill Education