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Q: ach
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- The voltage produced by a single nerve or muscle cell is quite small, but there are many species of fish that use multiple action potentials in series to produce significant voltages. The electric organs in these fish are composed of specialized disk-shaped cells called electrocytes. The cell at rest has the usual potential difference between the inside and the outside, but the net potential difference across the cell is zero. An electrocyte is connected to nerve fibers that initially trigger a depolarization in one side of the cell but not the other. For the very short time of this depolarization, there is a net potential difference across the cell, as shown. Stacks of these cells connected in series can produce a large total voltage. Each stack can produce a small current; for more total current, more stacks are needed, connected in parallel. In an electric eel, each electrocyte can develop a voltage of 150 mV for a short time. For a total voltage of 450 V, how many electrocytes must…When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation. How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?Caffeine is an inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. How woulddrinking several cups of coffee affect muscle function? How might it affectlipid metabolism?
- Acetylcholine (ACh) is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction. The binding of ACh to receptors on muscle cells activates a signal transduction pathway that causes the muscle to contract. Acetylcholinesterase, the digestive enzyme found on the membranes of muscle cells, is responsible for the breakdown of ACh over time, ending the activation of muscular contraction. Certain chemical compounds, such as sarin gas, act as high-affinity inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following describes the most likely effect that exposure to sarin would have on muscle cells? A B с D complete inhibition of muscle contraction slower transduction of the muscle contraction pathway decrease in the frequency of muscle contraction convulsions due to continuous muscle contraction"Motor neurons trigger action potentials in muscle cell membranes that open voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in T tubules, allowing extracellular Ca2+ to enter the cytosol, bind to troponin C, and initiate rapid muscle contraction", is true or false.A rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration causes muscle cells to contract. in addition to an ATP- driven Ca2+ pump, muscle cells that contract quickly and regularly, such as those of the heart, have an additional type of Ca2+ pump—an antiport that exchanges Ca2+ for extracellular Na+ across the plasma membrane. The majority of the Ca2+ ions that have entered the cell during contraction are rapidly pumped back out of the cell by this antiport, thus allowing the cell to relax. ouabain and digitalis are used for treating patients with heart disease because they make heart muscle cells contract more strongly. both drugs function by partially inhibiting the Na+ pump in the plasma membrane of these cells. can you propose an explanation for the effects of the drugs in the patients? What will happen if too much of either drug is taken?
- Some cytoplasmic kinases, enzymes that phosphorylate substrates at the expense of ATP, bind to voltage-dependent anion channels. What might the advantage of this binding be?One of the toxins produced by Bacillus anthracis (the cause of anthrax) is known as EF, or edema factor (edema is the abnormal buildup of extracellular fluid). EF, which enters mammalian host cells, is a calmodulin- activated adenylate cyclase. Explain how this toxin causes edema.The potency of agonists is frequently defined in terms of their affinity and theirefficacy. Explain what these two terms mean. Use diagrams to illustrate your answer
- A rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration causes muscle cells to contract. In addition to an ATPdriven Ca2+-pump, heart muscle cells, which contract quickly and regularly, have an antiporter that exchanges Ca2+ for extracellular Na+ across the plasma membrane. This antiporter rapidly pumps most of the entering Ca2+ ions back out of the cell, allowing the cell to relax. Ouabain, a drug that is used in the treatment of patient with heart disease, make the heart contract more strongly. The drug functions by partially inhibiting the Na+-K+ pump in the membrane of the heart muscle cell. What will happen if too much of the drug is taken?Neurons communicate with one another via action potentials and neurotransmitter release. This activity critically depends on maintaining electrochemical gradients across neuronal membranes. What would be the likely outcome of increased neuronal activity on ATP usage? a. No effect on ATP usage b. More ATP will be used c. Less ATP will be usedBinding sites on actin open when