How does thrombin catalyze the formation of loose fibrin and help in the activation of factor XIII?

Q: what would happen if c-cells were removed from the thyroid gland?

A: Hormones are the organic substances that are produced in small amounts by specific glands, which are…

Q: What are the two proteins/factors produced by cytotoxic - T cells to kill a virally-infected cell-

A: Introduction : It is type of immune cell which  kill certain cells, including foreign cells,…

Q: What is the source of Interferons (type I)?

A: Interferons can be defined as the group of signaling proteins that are released with the help of…

Q: What is the role of prostaglandins in the inflammatoryresponse?

A: Prostaglandins are the lipid based compounds, found in animals, which have hormone like effects.…

Q: What is Immunoglobulin (Ig)

A: Protein is an important body-building macromolecule. There are four structural levels of proteins…

Q: How do Natural Killer (NK) cells differ in function from CD8+ cells?

A: Natural killer cells and the CD8+ cells (also known as cytotoxic T-cells) are part of the immune…

Q: How are B cells activated, what events are involved in this process,and what happens after B cells…

A: Immunity refers to every mechanism of the body that helps to protect the body from harmful foreign…

Q: What are leukotrienes and how does their effects compare to the effects of histamine?

A: Inflammation is part of the process by which the immune system defends the body from harmful…

Q: How and why do B cells undergo a class switch from producing IgM antibodies to any of the other Ig…

A: Class exchanging happens after initiation of a develop B cell through its layer bound neutralizer…

Q: Why is iron availability important in body defenses?

A: The cells of the immune system are categorized as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. The…

Q: What is the difference in the kinetics of antibody formation in response to a dirst and second…

A: The immune response is a reaction that occurs in an organism to protect against foreign substances.…

Q: which types of cells do myeloid stem cells differentiate?

A: The stem cells that lead to other blood cells are known as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the…

Q: What is meant by 'B lymphocytes are sensitive to clonal deletion'?

A: Immunity

Q: How are the activities of natural killer cells and phagocytes similar and different?

A: Natural killer cells are lymphocytes with cytotoxic potential against virus-infected and certain…

Q: What is Activated macrophages?

A: There are some living organisms that cannot be observed by the naked eye and only can be seen under…

Q: In the CAMP reaction, which organism produces the CAMP factor? What substance does the CAMP factor…

A: The initial identification of the streptococcal and enterococcal species is based on their hemolytic…

Q: What are the actions of interleukins-1, -2, -4, and -12?

A: Interleukins are the group of various cytokines which are having  low molecular weight. These are…

Q: What is the effect of endogenous pyrogens being released into the body?

A: The immune system of the body is responsible for fighting against harmful pathogens by producing…

Q: What are hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)?

A: Haemtopoeisis Production of all types of blood cells including formation, development and…

Q: B-cell tumors originate during different developmental stages of B cells during their maturation in…

A: B cells are also termed B lymphocytes, they are known as white blood cells of the lymphocyte…

Q: What type of antibodies does a Type AB blood type produce?

A: The blood is a fluid connective tissue formed of liquid portion plasma, and the solid portion called…

Q: Why are the mannose-binding lectin and alternative pathwaysconsidered part of the innate immune…

A: Innate immune system provides a general protection against harmful pathogens and substances using…

Q: Why are MHC proteins so highly variable?

A: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are a group of genes that code for proteins found on the…

Q: Which are the Major Hematopoietic Growth Factors (HGFs)?

A: Blood is a body fluid in people and different creatures that conveys vital substances, for example,…

Q: How does the Major Histocompatibility Complex relate to clonal selection theory and immune…

A: The immune system of the human body can be divided into innate immunity and adaptive immunity.…

Q: What is factor VIII? Whatis the genetic disease in whichthis factor is absent?

A: Coagulation is also called as clotting. It is a process by which blood changes from a liquid to a…

Q: How does a cytotoxic T cell (or NKcell) avoid being killed by the perforinand granzymes that it…

A: A kind of immune cell which has the ability to kill specific cells, such as foreign cells, cancer…

Q: Describe the antiviral functions of type I interferon.

A: Type I interferons are a subgroup of interferon proteins which aids in regulating the activities of…

Q: What is BCL11A and how is it related to hemoglobin?

A: Hemoglobin functions as iron and oxygen-binding protein in the blood. When hemoglobin binds with a…

Q: How does antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A: It is a cell-mediated innate immune response. This response is especially targeted for those…

Q: A monoclonal antibody binds to G-actin but not to F-actin. What does this tell you about the epitope…

A: F-actin is a filamentous assembly of G-actin monomers. The G-actin monomers polymerizes, two by two…

Q: What are the positive and negative selections of lymphocytes in the thymus?

A: T-lymphocytes cells are produced in the bone marrow from the stem cells and develop in the thymus.…

Q: What is a T-cell receptor and how is it involved in T-cell activation?

A: A group of proteins found on T cells, a type of immune cell which recognizes and binds to antigens.…

Q: What cells release histamine during allergic responses?

A: Hypersensitivity refers to immune response, induced by repeated antigen exposure, that results in…

Q: If neutrophils consume pathogens through phagocytosis, why are they categorized under the 2nd line…

A: Immunity is the body's ability to fight a potential disease agent or a situation that can cause…

Q: what are the five classes of immunoglobulins?

A: Plasma cells produced glycoprotein called immunoglobins it is also called antibodies. It helps to…

Q: How does the TH1 response differ from the TH2 response?

A: The body's response to substances that it perceives to be dangerous or foreign. Antigens (typically…

Q: What kind of symptoms accompany B-cell defects, T-cell defects,and combined defects, and why is this…

A: Primary diseases are congenital and generally originating due to errors in genetic makeup. The…

Q: What type of WBCs are involved in a cell-mediated immune response? In an antibody-mediated immune…

A: Blood is mainly composed of plasma and blood cells or corpuscles. The blood corpuscles suspended in…

Q: What are the main functions of Immunoglobulin?

A: Plasma cells produce antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, which are glycoprotein molecules.…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.