How does ghrelin, CCK and peptide YY function in appetite regulation? What is the function of leptin? What is the function of insulin? Briefly explain how obesity contributed to shortened life span.

What explains the side effect of "acetone-breath" on dieters following a low carbohydrate diet? O Decreased dietary carbohydrates stimulates fatty acid synthesis and ketogenesis; decarboxylation of acetoacetate generates acetone. Decreased dietary carbohydrates leads to decreased fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis; decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate generates acetone. Decreased dietary carbohydrates leads to increased fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis; decarboxylation of pyruvate generates acetone. Decreased dietary carbohydrates leads to increased fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis; decarboxylation of acetoacetate generates acetone.

For an individual whose liver is regulated by glucagon binding, when energy is needed - what is the major carbon source used to produce acetyl CoA? Fatty acids Glucose Glyoxylate Amino acids

For the mutation of the enzyme, describe the effect it will have on carbohydrate metabolism.  Also, make sure to think about the effect it has on muscles versus the liver: Mutation that converted the active site glutamate in phosphohexose isomerase to an glutamine.

How do glucagon and epinephrine affect glycogen in the liver? They increase both glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis. They increase both glycogen breakdown and glycolysis. They increase glycolysis to breakdown glucose. They increase glycogenin synthesis.

Below are some statements about starvation and ketone bodies. Which one is false?   Question 11 options:   Liver relies on glucose/glycogen as its only fuel source during starvation.   There are three ketone bodies: β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone.   During starvation, the liver will export ketone bodies to other tissues/organs such as the muscle and the brain to use as fuel.   The liver is the only organ that synthesizes ketone bodies.   Ketone bodies are a crucial fuel during starvation.

What is the reason that amino acid degradation spikes approximately 24 hours after starting a fast? (A) The brain adapts to using ketone bodies, and amino acids serve as the primary precursors for ketone bodies.(B) Red blood cells begin using amino acids to drive their citric acid cycle.(C) Amino acids are broken down and used to replenish glycogen. (D) The liver needs to make glucose for brain and RBCs, and amino acids provide the carbon skeleton for gluconeogenesis.(E) The ammonia released from amino acid breakdown is a substrate for b-oxidation, which increases during prolonged fasting.

All of the following are true with respect to alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, except:A. It inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase B. It decreases enzymatic conversion of oligo- to monosaccharidesC. It lowers postprandial glucoseD. It causes gastrointestinal disturbances.E. It may cause development of hypertension.

Which of the following is NOT a fate of pyruvate in metabolism? .. Conversion to alanine as its storage form or for use by peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscles. Conversion to acetyl CoA for complete oxidation in the TCA cycle. Conversion to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis Conversion to lactate in a completely anaerobic process. L. Conversion to phophoenolpyruvate for the synthesis of glucose

Which of the following are mechanisms that prevent the liver from using up glucose that is more urgently required by other tissues? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices Glucokinase (the liver's version of hexokinase) has a lower affinity for glucose than hexokinase does GLUT2 has a lower affinity for glucose than GLUT4 does The liver produces insulin when blood glucose levels are low The liver does not express a phosphofructokinase enzyme The liver increases glycolysis in response to glucagon