What are pantothenic acid and biotin? Explain how these molecules are important to cellular metabolism.

A new energy drink in stores contains no sugar, carbs or fat. It does, however, contain relatively high concentrations of B-vitamins (B-3, B-5, B-6, and B-12) which our digestive system does not break down. If our useable energy (ATP) is supplied by cellular respiration, where would the energy this products claims to provide come from?

How does fatty acid enter mitochondria via the acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter?

What adaptations does the body make during a fast? What are ketone bodies? Define ketosis.

What is beta lactamase?

What does it mean for fatty acids to be essential? What are the essential fatty acids?

Explain why people with a hereditary deficiency of carnitine acyltransferase II have muscle weakness. Why are the symptoms more severe during fasting? (Keep your answer to at least a paragraph)

Does the synthesis of fatty acids occur in the adipose tissue and liver? How?

in what way is disaccharidase deficiency related to biochemistry?

One condition is ketoacidosis (low blood pH) which is a potentially life-threatening state, most commonly experienced by diabetics. Ketoacidosis, however, is not typically an issue for healthy people who are following a ketogenic diet. What is the difference between ketoacidosis and ketosis? Why do diabetics sometimes develop ketoacidosis, while healthy people rarely do? Healthy people are well equipped to survive on a ketogenic diet. Why is it important that humans evolved to have the ability to survive without carbohydrate nutrients?