Q: What is ATP and how do coupled reactions with ATP drive energetically unfavorable reactions?
A: ATP is an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living…
Q: Which class of enzymes catalyzes the following reactions? CH2 CH2- CH2 AST CH2- CH2 CH-NH + c=0 + +…
A: Enzymes are protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy…
Q: How do the three active sites of ATP synthase respond to the flow of protons?
A: ATP synthase is a rotatory motor enzyme present in complex V. This ATP synthase utilizes the proton…
Q: In the partial reactions shown below, is the reactant undergoing oxidation or reduction?
A: Oxidation is a process, in which electrons are removed, whereas reduction is just the opposite. In…
Q: What part of the electron transport chain is responsible for the greatest contribution to oxidative…
A: Protein complexes are present in the inner membrane of mitochondria forming an electron transport…
Q: Is there a difference between the initial and the final energy levels in catalyzed and non-catalyzed…
A: Catalyzed reactions are usually used to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction by the action of…
Q: how does oxidative phosphorylation differ from substrate-level phosphorylation
A: Phosphorylation is a biochemical process that invokes the addition of phosphate to an organic…
Q: What is the energy source for the proton pumps of oxidative phosphorylation?
A: Most of the free energy released during the oxidation of glucose to CO2 is retained in the reduced…
Q: An inhibitor can decrease the number of ATP produced to 34 moles. Where does the inhibitor act? Name…
A: The cellular respiration is responsible for the production of energy by breakdown of glucose…
Q: How does ATP assist enzymes which catalyze endergonic reactions?
A: The primary molecule for storing and transmitting energy in cells is adenosine 5'-triphosphate, or…
Q: Catabolic and anabolic pathways are not identical as some enzymes function in only one direction.…
A: Metabolic pathways are a series of chemical reactions that are involved in either synthesis or break…
Q: In an oxidation-reduction reaction, what happens to the chemical that is oxidized? What happens to…
A: An oxidation-reduction reaction also called redox reactions to occur due to the transfer of…
Q: Why does removing a phosphate group from the triphosphate tail in a molecule of ATP release energy?
A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is made up of an organic molecule (i.e. adenosine) and three phosphate…
Q: If the oxidation of glucose is a spontaneous reaction, why does it not burn up when set out on a…
A: Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide. It is a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is made by…
Q: The coenzymes NAD and FAD can “shuttle” hydrogens from one reaction to another. How does this…
A: Introduction: Coenzymes are organic compounds required by many enzymes for catalytic activity. They…
Q: When you eat starchy foods resulting in a breakdown to give glucose to the body, you have induced…
A: Biomolecules are the biological molecules that are present inside the living organisms. These…
Q: Which metabolites can potentially accumulate when complex 1 of the electron transport chain is…
A: The electron transport chain is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from elctron donors to…
Q: What two coenzymes participate in electron transport? Identify the high energy and low energy forms…
A: Electron transport chain refers to the chain of various electron transporters present within the…
Q: How is gluconeogenesis powered in the cell? How can I describe the relevant steps concisely? Do I…
A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…
Q: How do boiled potato and hydrogen peroxide demonstrate the principle behind enzymatic reaction?
A: Many chemical processes in living organisms produce hydrogen peroxide, which is harmful. Living…
Q: Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. What is the biological significance for the…
A: Amylase is an enzyme that acts as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of starch into sugar. They act on the…
Q: How does free energy change during spontaneous reactions? How does free energy change during…
A: A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favours the formation of products at the conditions under…
Q: How do electron transport reactions generate the protonmotive force?
A: A combination of proton and voltage gradient is stored as the potential energy across a membrane and…
Q: What type of reaction is: NADH --> NAD+ + H+ + 2 e-
A: NADH :- It is formed during the glycolysis & further reactions of cellular respiration. It is…
Q: How can ATP hydrolysis be used to drive an endergonic reaction via reaction coupling?
A: ATP is called adenine tri nucleotide triphosphate. ATP is called the energy source for the cell. ATP…
Q: Which reactions of glycolysis can be reversed? Which are irreversible? What is the significance of…
A: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6 into pyruvic acid, CH3COCOOH. The…
Q: What are the activated electron carriers for catabolism? For anabolism?
A: Activated Electron carriers for: Catabolism : NADH ,FADH2. Anabolism : NADPH.
Q: How does the difference between NADH and NADPH affect the reactions in which they are involvedd?
A: NADH and NADPH are two types of reaction intermediates often seen in biochemical reactions. There…
Q: What are the main factors that alter the speed of enzymatic reactions?
A: All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism are known as metabolism. The process of…
Q: How essential is energy coupling in the transfer of energy in the cells?
A: The cells and tissues can only use certain forms of energy, and the human cells can only use the…
Q: What atom in the cytochromes undergoes oxidation and reduction in the electron-transport chain? What…
A: The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is the last step of aerobic respiration,…
Q: How do energy-producing reactions allow energy-requiring reactions to take place?
A: In the biological system, all the reactions which are performed are catalyzed by the enzymes.
Q: Why are metabolic pathways so similar in many organisms?
A: Metabolic pathways are a chemical reaction in which a substrate is converted into a product and the…
Q: Which metabolicoption yields more energy, and why?
A: Metabolic processes are the important process that takes place inside the human body. Metabolism can…
Q: metabolism? What are catabolic and anabolic pathways
A: Numerous chemical reactions are required for the growth, development, and carry out all the…
Q: In a mixture of NAD+, NADH, ubiquinone, and ubiquinol, which compound will be oxidized? Which will…
A: Electrons are the particles that are present in an atom and revolve around its nucleus containing…
Q: How is ATP and hydrogen atoms used in the dark reaction? That is, what are these products for (or…
A: In photosynthesis, the light reaction occurs in the presence of sunlight and releases oxygen, ATP,…
Q: Which of the following is true regarding substrate level phosphorylation?
A: A metabolic reaction which results in the formation of ATP or GTP by the transfer of an inorganic…
Q: How is ATP and hydrogen molecules used in the dark reaction? That is, what are these products for…
A: solution photosynthesis literally means synthesis with the help of light. its a vital process where…
Q: What serves as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, alcoholic fermentation and…
A: Cellular respiration may be of two types- aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs in the…
Q: What are endergonic and exergonic reactions? How does ATP-ADP couple these reactions?
A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of the molecule adenosine bound to three phosphate groups.…
Q: Which of the following is NOT a role of coenzymes? A. Receiver or donor of hydrides in redox…
A: Coenzymes: Coenzymes are small organic non-protein molecules that are loosely attached to…
Q: What ways do enzymatic catalysts increase the rates of reactions?
A: The substance that increases the pace of the chemical reaction without undergoing any change to…
Q: What do ATP and ADP mean? What are the roles of these molecules for the cellular energetic…
A: The food we eat provides us nutrients. Some nutrients serve as energy-giving nutrients and provide…
Q: A reaction involving the oxidiation of hydrocarbon in a car engine or glucose in glycolysis in an…
A: Exothermic reactions generate heat.
Q: How does substrate-level phosphorylation differ from phosphorylation linked to the electron…
A: Substrate level phosphorylation is a Direct Phosphorylation and Phosphorylation linked to the…
Q: How many reactions steps comprise the 3 "bypasses" we saw in gluconeogenesis?
A:
Q: How many ATP are produced when 3 moles of FADH2 enter the electron transport chain?
A: The electron transport chain is a set of four protein molecules that link redox processes to create…
Q: How do enzymes specifically speed up reactions? (What do they lower?)
A: Enzymes are the biocatalyst. They are found in the living system.
- How are anabolic and catabolic reactions interrelated?
- Differentiate oxidative-level and substrate-level phosphorylation.
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Why do enzymes contain metals? What general reaction types to metalloenzymes catalyze?Indicate whether the following statements are true or false:- a) The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose oxidation can lead to the release of energy. b) NAD + is a coenzyme of transketolase.Discuss the steps involved in Oxidative phosphorylation?
- How Do Catabolism and Anabolism Differ? What are the features that generally distinguish pathways of catabolism from pathways of anabolism?What are the four principal compounds participating in the common catabolic pathway? What are their functions?Indicate whether each of the following changes represents oxidation or reduction. Write: O = for oxidation ; R= for reduction Example: cyt ci (Fet) → cyt c1 (Fe2+) Answer: R Blank #1: COQH2 → CoQ Blank #2: NAD+ - NADH Blank #3: FMN → FMNH2 Blank # 4: FADH2 FAD Blank #5: Fe(III) SP → Fe(II) SP Blank # 1 Blank # 2
- Briefly, outline the process of the oxidative phosphorylationDraw the catalytic mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH). In this reaction, which amino acid acts as a nucleophile? Which compound is oxidized andwhich is reduced? Which product is referred to as a “high-energy compound” and why?catabolism plus anabolism is equal?
- Determine whether the following statements are true or false:- a) The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose conversion is a supplier of NADPH (H +) for reductive syntheses. b) An overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia in a patient with diabetes mellitus. c) Fructose-6-phosphate is an allosteric regulator of glycolysis.How does extracellular pH, NADH, and ATP supply can affect catabolic processes in heterotrophs?Discuss the composition of the transition state for the formation of ATP by ATP Synthase. a) Where is the active site for this enzyme located? b) How are the amino acid side chains from the α and β subunits of ATP Synthase involved? c) Discuss the importance of Mg+2 in the mechanism of this enzyme.