he CFO of Baldwin Corporation, Jeff Warren has decided to invest some money in the financial market to diversify the risks of business operations and increase rate of return. He has been reading corporate finance books and journal articles to enhance his knowledge on risk/return relationships, capital asset pricing model (CAPM), cost of capital and valuation. On risk/return relationship, Jeff has learnt that there is a positive relationship between risk and return. This implies that the higher the risk, the greater the expected return on an investment. This relationship is clearly explained by the capital asset pricing model in this equation: RE = RF + β x (RM – RF) where RE = expected return of the security, RF = the risk-free rate, β = Beta of the security, RM = the expected return on the market, and (RM – RF) represents the difference between the expected return on the market and the risk-free rate. According to the CAPM, the expected return of any security depends on its risk measured by its beta. Jeff found out that thebeta is a measure of the risk of a security arising from exposure to general economic and market movements i.e., systematic risk as opposed to business specific risks or factors (i.e., unsystematic risk). The higher the beta, the greater the systematic risk and vice versa. The market portfolio of all investable assets has a beta of 1. Jeff learnt that If β = 0, then the asset has no risk of financial loss. Therefore, the expected return of the security should be equal to the risk-free rate. If β = 1, that asset has same risk as the market and the expected return should equal the expected return on the market such as the S&P 500 market index. To Jeff this makes sense because the beta of the market portfolio is exactly 1. However, if a security’s β = 2, then that security is twice riskier than the market and the expected return should be higher than the return of the market portfolio. Jeff understands that the risk-free rate used in the CAPM is the government-issued treasury bill rate. Since the treasury bill has no risk, any other investment having some risk will have to have a higher rate of return than the risk-free rate in order to induce any investor to invest in that security. Jeff is considering the stock of Adobe Inc. and Exxon Mobil. Adobe Inc. has a beta of 1.6 and Exxon Mobil has a beta of 0.9. The risk-free rate is 3.5%, and the difference between the expected return on the market and the risk free is 9.0%. Exhibit 1: Historical Returns of Adobe Inc. Year Return 2015 15.30% 2016 26.20% 2017 33.12% 2018 2.90% 2019 -2.10% You want to use total market return approachto estimate the rate of return on another stock which Jeff wants to consider for the investment portfolio. The stock is selling for $25 and pays a dividend of $2 per share during the year. You think that because of profitable capital investment that the company is undertaken, its stock price will appreciate to $35 per share by the end of next year. Calculate the dividend yield. Calculate the percentage capital gain of this stock. What is the expected total return of this stock? You are looking at sources of risk for the investment portfolio and came across systematic risk and unsystematic riskin a financial journal. The systematic risk is defined as any risk that affects the whole economy or large number of assets to a greater or lesser degree. And unsystematic risk is a risk that affects specific assets or small group of assets. List two examples each of systematic risk andunsystematic risk. Jeff wants you to estimate the weighted average cost of capital(WACC) for Verizon LLC. The IRR computed on a capital project for Verizon is 12%. Jeff wants to see if it will be a good investment. He thinks that if IRR > WACC then it will be a good investment to consider. The market values for Verizon’s debt and equity are $40 million and $60 million respectively. The total value of the firm is $100 million, implying that the weight of debt is 40% ($40 million /$100 million) whereas the weight of equity is 60% ($60 million /$100 million). a. Estimate WACC for Verizon if the cost of equity is 14.40% and after-tax cost of debt is 3.95%.
Risk and return
Before understanding the concept of Risk and Return in Financial Management, understanding the two-concept Risk and return individually is necessary.
Capital Asset Pricing Model
Capital asset pricing model, also known as CAPM, shows the relationship between the expected return of the investment and the market at risk. This concept is basically used particularly in the case of stocks or shares. It is also used across finance for pricing assets that have higher risk identity and for evaluating the expected returns for the assets given the risk of those assets and also the cost of capital.
he CFO of Baldwin Corporation, Jeff Warren has decided to invest some money in the financial market to diversify the risks of business operations and increase
On risk/return relationship, Jeff has learnt that there is a positive relationship between risk and return. This implies that the higher the risk, the greater the expected
RE = RF + β x (RM – RF)
where RE = expected return of the security, RF = the risk-free rate, β = Beta of the security, RM = the expected return on the market, and (RM – RF) represents the difference between the expected return on the market and the risk-free rate.
According to the CAPM, the expected return of any security depends on its risk measured by its beta. Jeff found out that thebeta is a measure of the risk of a security arising from exposure to general economic and market movements i.e., systematic risk as opposed to business specific risks or factors (i.e., unsystematic risk). The higher the beta, the greater the systematic risk and vice versa. The market portfolio of all investable assets has a beta of 1. Jeff learnt that If β = 0, then the asset has no risk of financial loss. Therefore, the expected return of the security should be equal to the risk-free rate. If β = 1, that asset has same risk as the market and the expected return should equal the expected return on the market such as the S&P 500 market index. To Jeff this makes sense because the beta of the market portfolio is exactly 1. However, if a security’s β = 2, then that security is twice riskier than the market and the expected return should be higher than the return of the market portfolio.
Jeff understands that the risk-free rate used in the CAPM is the government-issued treasury bill rate. Since the treasury bill has no risk, any other investment having some risk will have to have a higher rate of return than the risk-free rate in order to induce any investor to invest in that security. Jeff is considering the stock of Adobe Inc. and Exxon Mobil. Adobe Inc. has a beta of 1.6 and Exxon Mobil has a beta of 0.9. The risk-free rate is 3.5%, and the difference between the expected return on the market and the risk free is 9.0%.
Exhibit 1: Historical Returns of Adobe Inc.
|
Year |
Return |
|
2015 |
15.30% |
|
2016 |
26.20% |
|
2017 |
33.12% |
|
2018 |
2.90% |
|
2019 |
-2.10% |
- You want to use total market return approachto estimate the rate of return on another stock which Jeff wants to consider for the investment portfolio. The stock is selling for $25 and pays a dividend of $2 per share during the year. You think that because of profitable capital investment that the company is undertaken, its stock price will appreciate to $35 per share by the end of next year.
- Calculate the dividend yield.
- Calculate the percentage
capital gain of this stock. - What is the expected total return of this stock?
- You are looking at sources of risk for the investment portfolio and came across systematic risk and unsystematic riskin a financial journal. The systematic risk is defined as any risk that affects the whole economy or large number of assets to a greater or lesser degree. And unsystematic risk is a risk that affects specific assets or small group of assets.
- List two examples each of systematic risk andunsystematic risk.
- Jeff wants you to estimate the weighted average cost of capital(WACC) for Verizon LLC. The
IRR computed on a capital project for Verizon is 12%. Jeff wants to see if it will be a good investment. He thinks that if IRR > WACC then it will be a good investment to consider. The market values for Verizon’s debt and equity are $40 million and $60 million respectively. The total value of the firm is $100 million, implying that the weight of debt is 40% ($40 million /$100 million) whereas the weight of equity is 60% ($60 million /$100 million).
a. Estimate WACC for Verizon if the
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