graduate student wants to isolate cells from a patient and grow them perpetually in culture to study a non-cancer related pathology. Which two of the following genes could you introduce into these cells under control of a constitutive promoter to propogate these cells continuously in culture (select two)? A. Telomerase B. Retinoblastoma C. MDM2 D. p21 CIP E. SV40 Large T Antigen
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- Our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation has been greatly enhanced by studying oncogenic viruses. Answer the following questions regarding oncogenic retroviruses? Explain how a gain of function mutation in the Ras protein caused by a retrovirus might lead to cancer formation.Define the following terms: a. cell transformation b. oncogene c. apoptosis d. early response gene e. delayed response geneThe Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection In cystic fibrosis gene therapy, scientists propose the use of viral vectors to deliver normal genes to cells in the lungs. What immunological risks are involved in this procedure?
- A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after two separate Pap smears have shown dysplastic epithelial cells. Results of a molecular diagnostic test show DNA that encodes high-risk versions of the human papillomavirus E6 and E7 proteins. The viral E6 protein binds to the cellular p53 tumor suppressor gene, causing it to be degraded. Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which the E6 protein causes cervical cancer? (A) Arrests the cell cycle (B) Enhances tissue invasion and metastasis (C) Inhibits telomerase expression (D) Prevents apoptosis (E) Sustains angiogenesisWhich of the following best describes the approach that wasused in the first gene therapy trial for treating SCID?a. The normal ADA gene was introduced by injecting liposomesdirectly into the patients’ bodies. b. Lymphocytes were removed from a SCID patient, the normalADA gene was transferred into the lymphocytes vialiposomes,and then the lymphocytes were returned to thepatient’s body.c. Lymphocytes were removed from a SCID patient, the normalADA gene was transferred into the lymphocytes via a retrovirus,and then the lymphocytes were returned to thepatient’s body.d. None of the above describe the approach used in the trial.You’re researching the effect of two drugs (Drug A and Drug B) on colon carcinoma cells in vitro. You begin by performing an assay to determine the effect of the drugs on cell viability and generate the data below in the graph below (A). With the aim of determining the mechanism of action of the drugs, you subsequently investigate levels of several key apoptotic proteins via SDS-PAGE and Western blot (B). To measure cytochrome C, you first separate the mitochondrial fragments from the cytosolic fragments and measure the levels of cytochrome C in each. You measure the remaining proteins using whole-cell lysates. B-Actin was included as a loading control. This data is represented on the right below. Part 1 Which drug is most likely inducing apoptosis? Explain your reasoning with referent to the cellular events that have taken place in response to the drugs, based on the data Part 2 Is it possible to determine from this data I the activation of apoptosis is occurring through the intrinsic…
- Cellular reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells have allowed scientists to model various diseases and screen drugs in these in vitro models. Please select a disease that can be modeled through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. 1) why is it important to model such a disease? please explain clearly with example Thank youSometimes, malignant cells do not stay properly anchored in tissues because of the loss of function of: a. cell walls b. oncogenes c. plasma membrane adhesion proteins d. nuclear membranes e. tumor suppressor genesCellular reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells have allowed scientists to model various diseases and screen drugs in these in vitro models. Please select a disease that can be modeled through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. 1) a drug that has been screened in this disease model. Explain in detail the main findings.
- Different gene therapy approaches have been studied for cancer gene therapy. These approaches include? (select all that applies) a.immunotherapy, b. anti-angiogenic gene therapy, c.inhibition of tumor invasion, d.induction of apoptosisAlthough slow acting retroviruses lack oncogenes, retroviral infection can activate proto oncogenes leading to oncogenesis. a. Describe the mechanism of proto-oncogenes activation that can result from with infection with slow acting retroviruses. b. In what other ways can proto-oncogenes be converted to oncogenes?Which of the following statements are correct about viruses and cancer (select all that appy)? A. Cancer viruses may have DNA genomes B. A virus must have an oncogene to cause cancer C. Cancer viruses may have RNA genomes D. A virus must integrate its genome into the host cell genome to cause transformation of a cell E. At least 80% of known cancers are caused by viruses