Gene expression array technology has been used to do which of the following (select all that apply)? A. Determine liklihood of metastasis B. Determine the most relevant treatment for individual patients based on their genomic “signature.” C. Determine therapeutic index of cancer drug D. Predict the likelihood of disease recurrence in individuals based on gene expression signatures E. Stratify patients with breast cancer into groups predictive of response to therapy

Gene expression array technology has been used to do which of the following (select all that apply)? A. Determine liklihood of metastasis B. Determine the most relevant treatment for individual patients based on their genomic “signature.” C. Determine therapeutic index of cancer drug D. Predict the likelihood of disease recurrence in individuals based on gene expression signatures E. Stratify patients with breast cancer into groups predictive of response to therapy

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter16: Regulation Of Gene Expression

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 3ITD

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Which of the following statements are true about the rate of mutation in tumor cells (select all that apply)? A. Mutation rate of tumor cells is reduced compared to normal cells of the same tissue type B. Mutation rate of tumor cells is unchanged compared to normal cells of the same tissue type C. Mutation rate in tumor cells is higher compared to normal cells of the same tissue type D. Affected by genome instability within the tumor cells
For many years, targeted therapies for cancer treatment continue to be developed, however more and more patients are developing resistance to targeted therapies. Discuss one mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies for cancer and provide an example of how might creatively combat it using clinical concepts.
Which of the following statements are correct about cancer drug resistance (select all that apply)? A. It is inevitable that a tumor will eventually become resistant to a given cancer drug B. Solid tumors often develop drugs resistance through upregulating expression of drug transporters. C. If the probability of develop resistance to drug A is 1/10 and for Drug B is also 1/10, then the probility of developing resistance to Drug A and B combination therapy is 1/20. D. Effective multidrug protocols use 3 drugs that all target the same mechanisms of killing cancer cell E. Drug resistance ofter develops when p53 is inactivated
On the image, you can see the results of a DNA microarray used for cancer prognosis, where tissue samples from healthy and cancerous tissues were analyzed. cDNA from healthy cells and cancer cells were labeled with green and red fluorescence, respectively, mixed equally, and hybridized with the chip. It is known that gene A is more highly expressed in breast cancer type I, while genes B and C have lower expression in type II, which is highly aggressive. Based on the gene expression levels shown in the image, the cancer sample does not correspond to either type I or type II breast cancer, why is that?
Describe error prone polymerases and the process of translesion synthesis (TLS). In regards to tumor biology, what is the mutator phenotype hypothesis? What are some ways in which error-prone polymerases could be targeted for potential anti-cancer treatments?
Discuss the interplay between genetics and environment in the development of cancer (it would be helpful to focus on one tumor suppressor/disease to narrow the scope of the discussion). Which factor (genetics or environment) is playing a larger role within your chosen context? Justify your argument.
Which of the following steps are correct about multistep tumorigenesis (select all that apply)? A. Mutations in progenitor cells are more likely to develop a neoplastic state compared to mutations in stem cells B. Driver mutations give a cell clone a proliferative advanage C. The rate of mutation /genetic change is constant during tumor progression D. Nutrition/diet may effect rate of tumorigenesis E. All cells within a tumor are biologically equivalent and equally capable of high levels proliferation
Two genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2, were discovered in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and shortly thereafter, were patented by Myriad Genetics, a company based in Utah. Under the patents, testing for mutations in these genes could only be performed by Myriad, at costs from 300 to 3,000. Myriad also patented the process of analyzing the results of such tests, preventing anyone who obtains the sequence of their BRCA genes by other means (which itself would probably be patent infringement) from interpreting the information. The idea that genes can be patented has been a contentious issue from the beginning. Patents are not granted for products of nature, meaning that genes inside the body are not patentable, but biotech companies successfully argued that by removing a gene from the human body, purifying it, and then obtaining its DNA sequence, they created something not found in nature, and which is therefore a patentable invention. The U.S. Patent Office found the argument persuasive, but opponents argue that genes are parts of our bodies and can be identified but not invented. Biotech companies argue that without the protection offered by patents, they would have no incentive for research and development of diagnostic tests. In Europe, patents for BRCA1 and BRCA2 were revoked in 2004 because they did not meet the standards for a patent. After more than a decade of legal disputes, the patents were partially restored in 2008 on a very restricted basis. In the United States, a lawsuit, focused on the patents for the BRCA genes, was filed in May 2009. The suit challenges the basic idea that genes are patentable. In November 2009, the judge ruled that the lawsuit can proceed, and the case is moving forward. In March 2010, a federal court invalidated Myriad Genetics patent on these genes. In August 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the lower courts decision and ruled that gene sequences isolated from cells are not a product of nature and are therefore patentable. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ordered the appeals court to reconsider the case. The Federal Appeals Court did not change its decision, and the case once again, went to the U.S. Supreme Court. A unanimous decision in June 2013 invalidated Myriads patents on the basis that isolating a gene from nature does not make it patentable. This is a landmark decision on gene patenting with widespread ramifications for the biotechnoloogy industry. Will this decision reduce the incentives for companies to invest in new diagnostic tests that would be used by cancer victims or those with serious genetic disorders?
a. When gene probes, fi ngerprinting, and sequencing make it possible for you to know about genetic diseases in you or one of your children, would you wish to use this technology to fi nd out? b. What if it were used as a screen for employment or insurance? c. Most of us would agree to growth hormone therapy for a child with dwarfi sm, but how do we deal with parents who want to give growth hormones to their 8-year-old son so that he will be “better at sports”?
be performed and used to determine the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the device. Using your own hypothetical values, calculate the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the device. Is the device suitable for screening for breast cancer, based on your calculated values of its accuracy, sensitivity and specificity? Explain.
Discuss the challenges of producing anticancer drugs that counteract the effects of mutations in tumor-suppressor genes.
What is/are the role/s of molecular techniques in understanding cancer? Cite some references from the web.

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	A.	Determine liklihood of metastasis
	B.	Determine the most relevant treatment for individual patients based on their genomic “signature.”
	C.	Determine therapeutic index of cancer drug
	D.	Predict the likelihood of disease recurrence in individuals based on gene expression signatures
	E.	Stratify patients with breast cancer into groups predictive of response to therapy