Frequency distributions show the contributions of alleles at a QTL to a complex trait 0.06 B/b 0.04 b/b- - B/B 0.02 0.00 Low Intermediate High Trait value FIGURE 19-11 Frequency distributions showing how the distributions for the different genotypic classes at QTL locus B relate to the overall distribution for the population (black line). Frequency
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Figure 19-11 shows the expected distributions for the
three genotypic classes if the B locus is a QTL affecting
the trait value.
a. As drawn, what is the dominance/additive (D/A)
ratio?
b. How would you redraw this figure if the B locus had
no effect on the trait value?
c. How would the positions along the x-axis of the
curves for the different genotypic classes of the B locus
change if D/A = 1.0?
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- The equation p2+ 2pq + q2= 1 representing theHardy-Weinberg proportions examines genes withonly two alleles in a population.a. Derive a similar equation describing the equilibrium proportions of genotypes for a gene withthree alleles. [Hint: Remember that the HardyWeinberg equation can be written as the binomialexpansion (p + q)2.]b. A single gene with three alleles (IA, IB, and i) isresponsible for the ABO blood groups. Individualswith blood type A can be either IA IAor IA i;those with blood type B can be either IB IBor IB i;people with AB blood are IA IB, and type O individuals are ii. Among Armenians, the frequency of IAis0.360, the frequency of IBis 0.104, and the frequencyof i is 0.536. Calculate the frequencies of individuals in this population with the four possible bloodtypes, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.In Problems 15–17, you will see that because matingbetween individuals within populations at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium is random, it is possible to predict…A large, random mating population is started with thefollowing proportion of individuals for the indicatedblood types:0.5 MM0.2 MN0.3 NNThis blood type gene is autosomal, and the M and Nalleles are codominant.a. Is this population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?b. What will be the allele and genotype frequenciesafter one generation under the conditions assumedfor Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?c. What will be the allele and genotype frequenciesafter two generations under the conditions assumedfor Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?What is a normal distribution? Discuss this curve with regard toquantitative traits within a population. What is the relationshipbetween the standard deviation and the normal distribution?
- "he equation p + 2pq + q° = 1 representing the lardy-Weinberg proportions examines genes with nly two alleles in a population. . Derive a similar equation describing the equilib- rium proportions of genotypes for a gene with three alleles. [Hint: Remember that the Hardy- Weinberg equation can be written as the binomial expansion (p + q)*.] A single gene with three alleles (r^, 1", and i) is responsible for the ABO blood groups. Individuals with blood type A can be either rr or ^ i; those with blood type B can be either 1" 1 or 1" i; people with AB blood are A ", and type O individuals are ii. Among Armenians, the frequency of is 0.360, the frequency of " is 0.104, and the frequency of iA bean breeder is working with a population in which themean number of pods per plant is 50 and the variance is10 pods2. The broad-sense heritability is known to be 0.8.Given this information, can the breeder be assured thatthe population will respond to selection for an increase inthe number of pods per plant in the next generation?The heritability for egg weight in a group of chickens on a farm inMaine is 0.95. Are the following statements regarding this heritabilitytrue or false? If a statement is false, explain why.A. The environment in Maine has very little effect on the outcomeof this trait.B. Nearly all of the phenotypic variance for this trait in this groupof chickens is due to genetic variance.C. The trait is polygenic and likely to involve a large number ofgenes.D. Based on the observation of the heritability in the Mainechickens, it is reasonable to conclude that the heritability foregg weight in a group of chickens on a farm in Montana isalso very high.
- A danger in computing heritability values from studiesinvolving genetically related individuals is the possibility that theseindividuals share more similar environments than do unrelatedindividuals. In the experiment shown in Figure 24.8, which dataare the most compelling evidence that ridge count is not causedby genetically related individuals sharing common environments?ExplainAncestry prediction in 23 & Me is continuously updated as new individuals aregenotyped. This can change an individual’s personal predicted ancestry by refining theregion of ancestral origins or potentially identifying a less common ancestry in the lineage.This can similarly happen with animals where new breeds are identified in an individual’sancestry as new breeds are genotyped. Explain how ancestry prediction is done and howthat prediction can change as more individuals are genotyped.In a large, randomly mating population, the frequency of the allele (s)for sickle-cell hemoglobin is 0.028. The results of studies have shownthat people with the following genotypes at the beta-chain locus producethe following average numbers of offspring:Genotype Average numberof offspring producedSS 5Ss 6ss 0a. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele (s) be in the nextgeneration?b. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele be at equilibrium?
- Search the menus (Alt+/) 75% Normal text Calibri в IUA 11 + ... 1.| 2 | 3 | • 4.| 5 6 8 12. Although Laurlanthalasa, Princess of the Qualinesti elves, is known for riding into battle on a silver dragon, this is not her main form of transportation. She generally travels by way of griffon. Although the allele for a "crown" of feathers around the head is dominant, it is rarely found in the wild. This may be due to the fact that it makes the griffons stand out, thus making them less effective hunters and more visible to their natural enemies, evil chromatic dragons. This scarcity also makes them prized by elven royalty. Lauralanthalasa was given a breeding pair of bald griffons by an admirer who claims that they are both hybrids for the crowned gene. Create a Punnett Square to determine if Lauralanthalasa will have any chance using these two griffins to produce crowned offspring. Alleles (letters) and Phenotypes All Genotype and Phenotype Parent Punnett Square Possibilities Genotypes…Androgenetic alopecia (pattern baldness) is a complextrait in humans governed by several genes, but supposea human population exists in which a single autosomalallele determines pattern baldness. This allele is dominant in males and recessive in females. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and 51% ofthe men are bald.a. What is the allele frequency of the baldness alleleamong males?b. What is the allele frequency of the baldness alleleamong females?c. What percentage of the women in this populationwill exhibit pattern baldness? d. Assuming random mating, what proportion of allmatings should be between a bald man and anonbald woman?e. What percentage of the bald men in the populationare heterozygotes?f. If a nonbald couple produces a bald son, what isthe probability that their next son will be bald?g. A woman with androgenetic alopecia has a daughter, but nothing is known about the father. What isthe probability that the daughter will be bald?This Punnett square shows allele combinations for all possible genetic crosses in the wildflower population described in Part A. CR E p= 0.7 CW q= 0.3 p= 0.7 ? CW CR CR CR CW q= 0.3 ? ? CR CW CW CW ? What are the expected genotype frequencies in the offspring generation? O 0.49 CRCR (red flowers), 0.42 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.09 CWCW (white flowers) 0.49 CRCR (red flowers), 0.21 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.30 CWCW (white flowers) O 0.09 CRCR (red flowers), 0.21 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.42 CWCW (white flowers) 0.09 CRCR (red flowers), 0.42 CRCW (pink flowers), 0.09 CWCW (white flowers)