For questions 11 and 12, use the following multiple choice options to fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph. After being exposed to radioactive, a strand of DNA with the sequence ATTATCTGC has been changed to ATTCGCATCTGC. As a result of being exposed to radioactivity, a(n) 11. mutation has occurred. This caused a change to the 12. sequence in the organism's genome and can potentially lead to an alteration of the amino acid sequence in an expressed protein. C. protein D. nucleic acid A. deletion B. insertion

Name the enzymes that cut the DNA at specific sequences and create sticky ends.

You are working in the lab with two known carcinogens found in cigarette smoke: Benzo(a)pyren (BaP) and nitrosamine ketone (NNK). BaP is an aromatic hydrocarbon and the mechanism of carcinogenesis is through oxidation reactions with DNA. NNK is a nitrosoamine. Describe how these two kinds of carcinogens lead to mutations. (Be detailed. Remember you are graded on effort/completeness.)

______________ is a kind of spontaneous mutation that results from a short-term, reversible phenomenon that leads to abnormal base pairing during DNA replications, followed by another round of DNA replication which results in one of the two daughter DNA molecules containing a point mutation. Group of answer choices Tautomeric shift Frameshift mutation Nonsense mutation Pyrimidine dimer Conditional mutation

Certain DNA sequences are especially prone to “strand slippage.” In your own words, give an account of how this phenomenon can lead to a specific genetic disease.

You are a researcher studying a gene you think is responsible for super human strength. You call the gene HULK1. Below is the ORF of this gene from a normal strength individual (with nucleotide position indicated above). Use this sequence to answer the following questions. 1 10 20 30 39 5'- ATG TCA AAG GAC ATT CGC TGT GGG CTC AGA CTA TCA TAA -3' You design primers (6nt each) to amplify this entire sequence. Which primer set below did you use? O a. 5-TTATGA-3' and 5'-TGACAT-3' Ob.5'-TGACAT-3 and 5'-TCATAA-3' Oc 5'-ATGTCA-3' and 5'-TCATAA-3' Od. 5'-ATGTCA-3' and 5'-TTATGA-3' Oe. 5'-ATGTCA-3' and 5'-TGACAT-3'

The following question is related to Restriction Enzymes and RFLP. Using EcoRl, the smallest fragments between DNA sequence A and B were how many base pairs?

Restriction endonucleases are bacterial enzymes that cleave duplex (double-stranded) DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. The mode of replication of the animal virus SV40 has been investigated by using restriction endonucleases that cleave SV40 DNA into a number of unique segments. Like most viruses, SV40 DNA is circular. The map positions of the 11 fragments produced by a pair of restriction endonucleases are shown on the next page. Immediately following a 5 or 10 minute pulse of radioactively labeled thymidine, labeled SV40 molecules that have completed replication during the pulse are isolated. These newly replicated DNA molecules are digested by the restriction endonucleases and the resulting fragments are analyzed for the relative amounts of pulse label they contain. The results are in the table below. Assume that at the time the label was added there was a random population of replicating SV40 DNA molecules in all possible stages of synthesis. From the information given below,…

You can select multiple answers.

An example sequence corresponds to human sickle cell beta-globin mRNA and that this disease results from a point mutation in the β globin gene. In the following section, you will compare sickle cell and normal β globin sequences to reveal the nature of the sickle cell mutation at the protein level. To do this you need to find at least one sequence representing the normal beta globin gene. Open a new window and visit the NCBI home page(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and select “Nucleotide” from the drop menu associated with the top search box. Then enter the search term: HBB . Note that lots of irrelevant results are returned so let's apply some “Filters” (available by clicking in the left-hand sidebar) to focus on RefSeq entries for Homo sapiens. Remember that we are after mRNA so we can compare to the mRNA sequence from part 1 above. QUESTION #1: What is the ACCESSION number of the “Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA” entry?    NOTE: Boolean operators (NOT, AND, OR) as…