For example, a group of adversaries uses 'Dumb' protocol to conduct a Smurf attack. In the 'Dumb' protocol, a request containing 56 bytes results in 500 bytes of response. Assume that 150 devices are running this 'Dumb' protocol in a network. The devices are connected to the Internet through a single gateway.

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Two companies would like to communicate confidentially online. They also seek integrity and authenticity of the communication between each other. They require secret-key cryptography to achieve these goals. It is important for the companies that the ciphertexts exchanged are authentic and have not been altered in transit. Note that the communication between the companies comes in the form of short messages which would fit into one plaintext block of AES-128. Which of the following solutions is ideal for this scenario, where the companies share 2 secret keys, k1 which they can use for encryption and k2 which they can use for issuing and verifying MACs? Choose only 1 answer. O 1. T=HMACK2 (M) 2. C= AES-128-ENCk1(T) 3. Send C and T to the other company O 1.C-AES-128-ENCk1(M) 2. T-HMACK2(M) 3. Send C and T to the other company Any of the 3 solutions would suffice 1. C-AES-128-ENCk1(M) 2. T=HMACk2 (C) 3. Send C and T to the other company

When a web client requests access to a web server's protected resources, show how native authentication and authorization services are used. To solve this problem, it is easiest to look at the following two justifications for layered protocols: Please provide concrete examples to support your arguments.

A certain university is considering the purchase of N95 masks to distribute to their students for protection against the next variant of the covid virus. They found a reliable distributor who offers N95 masks with a quantity discount. The pricing is shown below. Number of N95 masks Price per mask From To 500 $1.23 501 2000 $0.98 2001 5000 $0.62 5001 or more $0.53 For example, if the university purchases 700 masks the price is 500 × $1.23 = $615.00 for the first 500 masks plus (700 – 500) × $0.98 = $196.00 for the next 200 masks for a total of $615.00 + $196.00 = $811.00. Write a MATLAB program that first prompts the user to input the number of masks. Use the following prompt: Please enter the number of N95 masks: Then, based on the number entered and the above table, calculate the purchase price. Output to the command window the number of masks and the purchase price as follows: Your price for xXXx N95 masks is $xxx.xx where xxxx is the number of masks and $xxx.xx is the price. If the…