For a locus with two alleles (B and b) in a population at risk from an infectious neurodegenerative disease, 16 individuals have the genotype BB, 92 individuals have Bb and 12 individuals have bb. Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to determine whether this population appears to be evolving
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For a locus with two alleles (B and b) in a population at risk
from an infectious neurodegenerative disease, 16 individuals
have the genotype BB, 92 individuals have Bb and 12
individuals have bb. Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to
determine whether this population appears to be evolving.
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- An allele of the G6PD gene acts in a recessive manner to cause sensitivity to fava beans, resulting in ahemolytic reaction (lysis of red blood cells) afteringestion of the beans. The same allele also confersdominant resistance to malaria. The heterozygote hasan advantage in a region where malaria is prevalent.Will the equilibrium frequency (qe) be the same foran African and a North American country? Whatfactors affect qe?In a population of a beetle species, you notice that thereis a 3:1 ratio of shiny to dull wing covers. Does this ratioprove that the shiny allele is dominant? (Assume thatthe two states are caused by two alleles of one gene.) Ifnot, what does it prove? How would you elucidate thesituation?Eugene Eisen selected for increased 12-day litter weight (total weightof a litter of offspring 12 days after birth) in a population of mice . The 12-day litter weight of thepopulation steadily increased, but then leveled off after about 17generations. At generation 17, Eisen took one family of mice from theselected population and reversed the selection procedure: in this group,he selected for decreased 12-day litter weight. This group immediatelyresponded to the reversed selection: the 12-day litter weight dropped 4.8g within 1 generation and dropped 7.3 g after 5 generations. On the basisof the results of the reverse selection, what is the most likely explanationfor the leveling off of 12-day litter weight in the original population?
- A large, random mating population is started with thefollowing proportion of individuals for the indicatedblood types:0.5 MM0.2 MN0.3 NNThis blood type gene is autosomal, and the M and Nalleles are codominant.a. Is this population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?b. What will be the allele and genotype frequenciesafter one generation under the conditions assumedfor Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?c. What will be the allele and genotype frequenciesafter two generations under the conditions assumedfor Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?In a large, randomly mating population, the frequency of the allele (s)for sickle-cell hemoglobin is 0.028. The results of studies have shownthat people with the following genotypes at the beta-chain locus producethe following average numbers of offspring:Genotype Average numberof offspring producedSS 5Ss 6ss 0a. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele (s) be in the nextgeneration?b. What will the frequency of the sickle-cell allele be at equilibrium?In a large, randomly mating population, the frequency of an autosomalrecessive lethal allele is 0.20. What will the frequency of this allele be inthe next generation if all homozygotes die before reproducing?
- The equation p2+ 2pq + q2= 1 representing theHardy-Weinberg proportions examines genes withonly two alleles in a population.a. Derive a similar equation describing the equilibrium proportions of genotypes for a gene withthree alleles. [Hint: Remember that the HardyWeinberg equation can be written as the binomialexpansion (p + q)2.]b. A single gene with three alleles (IA, IB, and i) isresponsible for the ABO blood groups. Individualswith blood type A can be either IA IAor IA i;those with blood type B can be either IB IBor IB i;people with AB blood are IA IB, and type O individuals are ii. Among Armenians, the frequency of IAis0.360, the frequency of IBis 0.104, and the frequencyof i is 0.536. Calculate the frequencies of individuals in this population with the four possible bloodtypes, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.In Problems 15–17, you will see that because matingbetween individuals within populations at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium is random, it is possible to predict…Using the HardyWeinberg Law in Human Genetics In a given population, the frequencies of the four phenotypic classes of the ABO blood groups are found to be A = 0.33, B = 0.33, AB = 0.18, and i = 0.16. What is the frequency of the i allele?Using the HardyWeinberg Law in Human Genetics Suppose you are monitoring the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the MN blood group locus (see Question 2 for a description of the MN blood group) in a small human population. You find that for 1-year-old children, the genotypic frequencies are MM = 0.25, MN = 0.5, and NN = 0.25, whereas the genotypic frequencies for adults are MM = 0.3, MN = 0.4, and NN = 0.3. a. Compute the M and N allele frequencies for 1-year-olds and adults. b. Are the allele frequencies in equilibrium in this population? c. Are the genotypic frequencies in equilibrium?
- Suppose the frequency of the recessive allele a for the recessive condition albinism is 0.2 Assume the Hardy-Weinberg distribution. What is the frequency of albinism in the general population? What fraction of the population are carriers?In fruit flies, long wings (L) are dominant over short wings (l). In a population of 45 fruit flies, 27 have LL genotypes, 13 have Ll genotypes, and 5 have ll genotypes. Find the frequency of the following. Show all work and record your answer as a value between 0 and 1 rounded to two decimal places.a. long-winged fruit flies: b. short-winged fruit flies:Entomologists at the New York State Department of Agriculture are interested in determiningthe connection between pest insects infesting crop plants with populations of the same insect-infesting native plants in natural habitats. Long-term trapping and monitoring studies have estimated that on average 3% of the populations move between habitats (farm to natural and vis versa) each generation. A new insecticide resistance allele (∆K) has begun to increase in frequency in agricultural populations. A genotyping survey at this locus of 50 individuals in each population has revealed the following genotype counts:4a. Based on the effects of migration alone, what will the frequency of ∆K be in the forestpopulation in the next generation? 4b. If migration was acting in here without selection, what would the frequency of ΔK be in the agricultural population in the next generation? 4c. If the natural forest population was substantially larger than the agricultural population, how might…