Firms within the country of Anviliania are currently emitting pollutants. These pollutants cause damages within Anviliania. However, the pollutants also cause damages to the properties and health of residents of countries that share borders with Anviliania. The Marginal Abatement Costs of the firms in Anviliania can be represented by the equation MAC(Anvil.) = 750 -2.3 e The Marginal Damage Costs to the residents of Anviliania are given by MDC (Anvil.) =- - 40 + 10 e The Marginal Damage Costs to all residents (including the residents of Anviliania) are MDC (Globe) = -20+ 12 e a. Draw a diagram representing this situation. b. Determine the magnitude of the local market failure and the global market failure. c. Suppose that the Anvilianian government has given production subsidies to the firms in Anviliania. As a result, the firms have increased production (and the number of firms have increased.). Consequently, the aggregate MAC is now MAC' (Anvil.) = 800 - 2.3 e. Determine the magnitude of the intervention failure.
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- The Upstream Nukem Co. uses a technology that produces pollutants as a by-product. The company dumps these pollutants into Radiant River. The only way that Nukem can reduce pollution is by cutting output. Nukem's profits, expressed as a function of the amount x (in tons) of pollutants per day, is IIN (x) = 80x - 5x² The pollution adversely affects the performance of Downstream Glowing Fisheries. Glowing's profit, as a function of the quantity of pollution, is given by IIG(x) = K - 5x² where K is a constant relating to all factors other than pollution. (i) If there are no restraints on pollution and no negotiations between the two companies, how much pollution will Nukem produce per day? x =. 10 8 ОС 4 2 (ii) What is the socially optimal quantity of pollution? x* = 1 5 со ст 3 O 2Lecture: Externality - Pigou8. All-Leather is a tanning company located on Lake Michigan in Chicago. Its total cost functionis C(QA) = 125 + 8QA + 5QA2, where QA is leather production per week in thousands of pounds.a) If leather sells for $408 per thousand pounds, how much leather will All-Leather produce?How much profit does All-leather earn?Enjoy is a beverage company located on Lake Michigan near All-Leather in Chicago. Enjoy’sproduction of beverages is negatively affected by water pollution from All-Leather’s productionof leather. Enjoy’s total cost function to produce beverages isC(QE) = 10QE +3QE2 + 3QA2where QE is Enjoy’s weekly production of beverages, in thousandsof gallons and, as above, QA is All-Leather’s weekly production of leather.b) Is this an example of a pecuniary externality or a real externality? Explain.c) What is the extra cost to Enjoy from an additional thousand tons of leather production by AllLeather (i.e., the external marginal cost of an extra unit of QA…Consider an industry with two firms that emit a uniformly mixed air pollutant (e.g., carbon dioxide). The marginal abatement cost functions for Firm 1 and Firm 2 are: MAC1 = 100-e1 MAC2 = 100-4e2 Aggregate emissions for the industry are denoted as E = e1 + e2. [1] In an unregulated environment how many units of emissions does each firm emit? Firm 1’s unregulated level of emissions: Firm 2’s unregulated level of emissions: Total unregulated level of emissions: Suppose a regulator has a goal of reducing the total level of emissions from the amount from the amount you answered in [1] to 25 units. The regulator would like to achieve the goal of 25 units of total emissions in a cost-effective way. To do so it issues 25 permits, 10 are given to Firm 1 and 15 are given to Firm 2. A firm can only emit a unit of pollution if they have a permit for that unit, otherwise they must abate. After the permits are allocated, firms are allowed to buy or sell…
- The Upstream Nukem Co. uses a technology that produces pollutants as a by-product. The company dumps these pollutants into Radiant River. The only way that Nukem can reduce pollution is by cutting output. Nukem's profits, expressed as a function of the amount æ (in tons) of pollutants per day, is IIN(x) = 80x - 5x² The pollution adversely affects the performance of Downstream Glowing Fisheries. Glowing's profit, as a function of the quantity of pollution, is given by IIG(x) = K - 5x² where K is a constant relating to all factors other than pollution. (i) If there are no restraints on pollution and no negotiations between the two companies, how much pollution will Nukem produce per day? x =. O 10 8 06 O 4 02 (ii) What is the socially optimal quantity of pollution? * 02 O 4 O 3 O 1 05 ||There are two towns, A and B, each with a plant emitting pollution. The emission from plant Ais uniformly distributed across both town A and B. The emissions from plant B are local to town B. Despite the difference in affected area, the marginal benefit to either town of abating one unit of pollution from either source is the same, MB(Qi) = 17 − Qi per person, where Qi is total emissions abated from town i’s air. The marginal cost of abatement at plants A and B are MCA(qA) = 200qA and MCB(qB) = 100qB, respectively. If town A has 300 citizens and town B has 200, what is the efficient tax to set at each plant?Two firms, Sludge Oil and Northwest Lumber, have access to five production processes, each one of which has a different cost and gives off a different amount of pollution. The daily costs of the processes and the corresponding number of tons of smoke emitted are as shown in the following table: Process (smoke) Cost to Sludge Oil ($/day) Cost to Northwest Lumber ($/day) The City Council wants to curb emissions by half and decides to auction off four permits, each of which entitles the bearer to emit 1 ton of smoke per day. No smoke may be emitted without a permit. Suppose the government conducts the auction by starting at $1 and asking how many permits each firm wants to buy at that price. If the total is more than four, it then raises the price by $1 and asks again, and so on, until the total quantity of demanded permits falls to four. How much will each permit sell for in this auction? Each permit will sell for $ 3 500 A (4 tons/day) B (3 tons/day) C (2 tons/day) D (1 ton/day) E (8…
- Attached is the marginal abatement costs of three firms, related to the quantity of emissions. Each firm is now emitting 10 tons per week, so total emissions are 30 tons per week. Suppose we wish to reduce emissions by 50 percent, to 15 tons per week. Compare the total cost of doing this: (a) with an equi-proportionate decrease in emissions (b) with a decrease that meets the equi-marginal principle.Consider an industry with two firms that emit a uniformly mixed air pollutant (e.g., carbon dioxide). The marginal abatement cost functions for Firm 1 and Firm 2 are: MAC1 = 100 - e1 MAC2 = 100 - 4e2 Aggregate emissions for the industry are denoted as E = e1 + e2. [1] In an unregulated environment how many units of emissions does each firm emit? Firm 1’s unregulated level of emissions ____________ Firm 2’s unregulated level of emissions ____________ Total unregulated level of emissions ______________. Appalachian Coal Mining believes that it can increase labor productivity and, therefore, net revenue by reducing air pollution in its mines. It estimates that the marginal cost function for reducing pollution by installing additional capital equipment is MC=40P Where P represents a reduction of one unit of pollution in the mines. It also feels that for every unit of pollution reduction the marginal increase in revenue (MR) is MR=1000-10P How much pollution reduction should Appalachian Coal Mining undertake?
- A4 1. Two chemical companies, A and B, operate in a small New England town. Every week A releases 40 gallons of dioxin into the town’s aquifer, while B releases 30 gallons during the same time frame. It would cost A $800 per gallon to clean up its production, while B can clean up its waste at a cost of $500 per gallon. After this issue is raised at a town hall meeting, the town’s residents vote to reduce total dioxin pollution to 20 gallons per week. a. What would be the total cost of pollution reduction if each company were limited to 10 gallons of waste per week? b. What would the total costs be if each company received 10 gallons worth of tradable pollution credits? 2. A wheat farmer and a cattle rancher occupy adjacent parcels of land. Every year the farmer builds a fence to keep the cattle out of his field, and every year the rancher tears the fence down so that the cattle can roam free. The farmer values the wheat that gets destroyed at $300, while the rancher values having a…Currently the Australian Government is aiming to reduce Australia's carbon emissions to 5% below 2000 emissions levels by 2020. Reforms A Emissions change (compared to 2000 10% increase levels) by 2020. Total cost for industries to introduce 0 reform measures (billions of dollars) B No change 0.3 с 5% reduction 1.2 D 10% reduction 1.5 a. If the Government introduced a permit system, resulting in total industry permit costs being $700 million, and capital investment total costs of $500 million, what would be the expected 2020 pollutions levels compared to 2000 levels? . Type LT for Less Than, E for Equal to, or GT = Greater Than. b. Consider the mining sector is responsible for 8% of Australia's overall industry carbon emissions. The Government decides to introduce the reform option D (10% reduction). How much would it cost the mining sector (including both permit and capital investment) as a result of introducing this reform? Assume the cost is directly proportionally to all industries…There are two polluters in an industry with the following cost functions: MAC1 = 182 - 0.14E1 MAC2 = 144 - 0.06E2 The government establishes a tradable pollution permit system and gives each polluter 800 permits (1600 permits in total). What will be the net gain for Polluter 1 from the trade?