Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Explain ways in which the innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immune responses cooperate to enhance the overall resistance to disease
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- Discuss what is meant by immunocompetence, immune specificityand memory, and adaptive immunity.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity by matching the following characteristics with the correct arm of immunity, using I for innate and A for adaptive: a. Is the first to engage on initial encounter with antigen b. Is the most pathogen specific c. Employs T and B lymphocytes d. Adapts during the response e. Responds identically during a first and second exposure to the same antigen f. Responds more effectively during a subsequent exposure g. Includers a memory component h. Is the target of vaccination i. Can involve the use of PAMP receptors j. Involves antigen-specific receptors binding to pathogens k. Can be mediated by antibodiesarrow_forwardWhat are features of adaptive immunity? Select all that apply. Antigen receptors are produced by gene recombination. There is no long-term persistence of immunity. The response time is about a week. Specificity is limited to about 1,000 PAMPS.arrow_forward
- The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent. In addition to producing distinct innate responses locally at the site of infection, the different cytokines produced during type I, type 2, or type 3 immune responses also induce distinct adaptive immune responses that are tailored to the eradication of the three different classes of pathogens. One example is the production of different classes of antibodies during type I, type 2, or type 3 responses. Which step during the induction of the adaptive immune response is the key to generating and coordinating the three different immune modules?arrow_forwardWhich of the following cells in the diagram shown below phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and is effective against parasitic worms? Courtesy Michael Ross, University of Florida А В C D E a) A O b) B c) C d) D O el Earrow_forwardGive examples of mild and severe consequences of immune dysfunction. What is the most common cause of immuno-deficiency throughout the world today?arrow_forward
- Describe the differences in how an antigen presenting cells (APC) activate a Helper T versus a Cytotoxic T cell.arrow_forwardDescribe how the principle of herd immunity works to protect unvaccinated individuals. What characteristics of the pathogen or of the host do you think would most impact the degree to which this principle begins to take hold?arrow_forwardOnce the antigen presenting cell delivers the message about the identity of the specific pathogen to the adaptive immune system, what is the mechanism of lymphocyte activation to make sure lymphocytes target that specific pathogen or toxin (Specificity)? Why does this process create a slow response during the first exposure of a pathogen?arrow_forward
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