There are two different but not necessarily exlusive theories of what triggers an immune reaction: the self/non-self theory and the danger or damage theory. How do these two theories differ in terms of how they do or do not explain our response to the commensal microbes that reside in our guts?

Q: What is the difference between primary and secondary immune deficiencies? What was the first primary…

A: Immune disorders are conditions that affect the immune system's ability to function properly. These…

Q: Of the four types of acquired immunity, which do you think your immune system has undergone?

A: Body's ability to counteract or fight with foreign organisms known as a pathogen. A person may…

Q: Adaptive immune responses are slow to develop, taking days to weeks after exposure to reach their…

A: Immunity It is a resistance acquired by a host towards an injury causing microbes or overall ability…

Q: How may the “immunologically privileged” status of the immune system play a role in latent…

A: Some microbes can remain inactive in the host bodies. They hide from the host immune system. For…

Q: What are features of adaptive immunity? Select all that apply.   Antigen receptors are produced by…

A:

Q: Why does the immensely powerful immune system of the body, an organ system that has evolved over…

A: Human immune virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which attacks the immune cells of the body. It affects the…

Q: What is the response that the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive immunity will mount to try to…

A: Introduction Immune system is a type of defence mechanism present in our body. It works to eliminate…

Q: For some time there has been evidence that the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides…

A: The vaccine shows its response by acting on the immune system. BCG or bacilli Calmette-Guerin, is a…

Q: Which component is released from the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction? What is…

A: Introduction  The active site of an enzyme is the region where the substrate binds and undergoes a…

Q: What is the difference between active and passive immunity? What is vaccination?

A: Immunity is the potential of multicellular organisms to resist the dangerous microorganisms.Immunity…

Q: What is the importance of inflammation in the immune response?

A: Introduction :- Chemicals from your body's white blood cells enter your blood or tissues during…

Q: What are the three phases of an immune response?

A: An immune response is a process that occurs inside an organism to protect against foreign pathogens.…

Q: Why would the immune system naturally require suppression?

A: The body system that functions to defend our body by restricting and eliminating the pathogens…

Q: Define the below statement ? "Active immunity due to immunizations"

A: Vaccination is the way toward giving an antibody to an individual to secure them against infection.…

Q: How many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize?…

A: Antigens can be classified according to their source: Antigens from outside the body Exogenous…

Q: Some primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive…

A: Immune system fight against disease-causing agents but as the age increases the immune system get…

Q: How does adaptive immunity differ from nonspecific defense?

A: Immunity can be described as a complicated biological system that can identify and tolerate the self…

Q: How is long-lasting immunity achieved in cell-mediatedimmunity?

A: Human body has an extremely well developed immune system for the protection against pathogens. Human…

Q: Name three features of a secondary immune response that distinguish it from a primary immune…

A: Primary Immune Response: It is the initial response of the immune system when first exposed to a…

Q: What is immunology? and what are the 4 types of immunity?

A: Any foreign substance which enters into the body is known as an antigen. Antibodies are proteins…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that studies molecules, cells, and organs that build up the…

Q: What are TLRS? How does this work to ensure to prevent pathogens to cause diseases? Where are the…

A: The innate immune system is the first line of protection in opposition to pathogens, which is…

Q: Explain the following concept in human physiology and cite clinical instances, where applicable A.…

A: An immune response is a reaction that occurs within an organism for the purpose of defending against…

Q: Which of the following statements are accurate? T cells, B cells, and Natural killer cells are…

A: According to guidelines we have to answer the first question only. so please kindly post the…

Q: Acquired or adaptive immunity can be divided in to Natural Active, Natural Passive, Artificial…

A: Introduction: Adaptive immunity, also known as protective immunity, is the third line of defense…

Q: What is an allergy?

A: Allergy can be medical condition in which immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance…

Q: Imagine a new viral infection has emerged in the southwestern U.S. The virus has distinct surface…

A: The immune response happens via cytotoxic cells, Interferons and antibodies. The virus invades the…

Q: Two newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three subparts for…

Q: Why are innate immunity and inflammation described as “nonspecific”?

A: Introduction :- Barriers that prevent hazardous substances from entering your body are a part of…

Q: What two processes contribute to immune tolerance?

A: Immune tolerance is a state that prevent the destructive reactivity of the immune system that is…

Q: In general, what are consequences of activation of the TH1 arm of the immune response? Activation of…

A: Cell mediated immunity and allergic responses are biological effects that are mediated by cytokines.…

Q: In vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a…

A: Complement System --- Complement system is a part of immune system known as innate immune system…

Q: What does innate mean? How is the innate immune system different from the adaptive immune system?…

A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: The primary function of the immune system is to protect the host from invasion by foreign organisms.…

A: A complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work collectively to protect the body and fight…

Q: What are the 4 types of immunity? How are they gained (how do you get them and provide an example of…

A: Immunity refers to a person's ability to recognize "self" molecules that make up his or her own body…

Q: What beneficial role do fevers play in immunity? The height of a fever has nothing to do with the…

A: Fever activates our body's immune system.Heating boosts our immunity by speeding disease fighting…

Q: Which of the following correctly states theorder of events in humoral immunity? Let1 = antigen…

A: Multi-cellular organisms' capacity to withstand dangerous germs is known as immunity. Immunity…

Q: How can an abnormal peptide within the cytoplasm of a cell start an adaptive immune response?

A: Multi-cellular organisms' capacity to withstand dangerous germs is known as immunity. Immunity…

Q: What is the difference between nonspecific host defenses and immuneresponses?

A: The immune system is one of the defined organ systems of the body that serves the function of…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.