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Explain the wingless and hedgehog feedback mechanism that is used to pattern the fly embryo.
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- Discuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?Explain Cell signaling during Drosophila eye development?Explain the Drosphila melanogaster tool for gene expression known as UAS-GAL4 system.
- Lateral inhibition and induction are key processes in embryonic development. Discuss two different signalling pathways involved in these processes,Briefly explain the transcriptional regulation of mammalian gene expression? Please explain at your own words.Give an example of apoptosis during embryonic development, and explain its function in the developing embryo.
- Part A and B A. What below would be likely to lead to cancer development? A) Overexpression of a cell cycle checkpoint inhibitor B) Loss of expression of a growth factor that promotes cell cycle entry C) Overexpression of a receptor tyrosine kinase that promotes cell cycle entry D) Overexpression of a DNA damage repair enzyme E) Loss of expression of a regulatory transcription factor that activates transcription of a cyclin B. Taxols inhibit the proper function of microtubules and are frequently used as chemotherapy drugs. What is the function of microtubules during the cell cycle? A) They promote the G1 to S checkpoint B) They normally inhibit M phase from being completed C) They form the mitotic spindle E) They mediate DNA replication F) They form the cleavage furrow during cytokinesisWhat is the function of the basal cell and terminal cell in plant embryo development?In flies, the gap gene kruppel is expressed in a broad band in the middle of the embryo with giant expressed as its anterior border and knirps at its posterior border. How is the expression of kruppel limited to this band in the embryo? Describe the spatial regulation of the kruppel gene.
- Signal transduction pathways are important mechanisms for cell-to-cell communication in multicellular organisms. How do the target cells typically respond when they receive signals from neighboring cells during very early stages of embryo development? A. The target cells move to one of the poles to establish the anterior-posterior body axis. B. The target cells undergo changes in gene expression, sending them down a specific developmental path. C. The target cells stop dividing so the neighboring cells have time to get to the same stage of development. D. The target cells activate a collection of miRNAs to accelerate transcription and cell division.For each of the following: ECM, CAMs and cell junctions, describe at least 2 specific examples of a developmental process that include molecules from the category as a component. Specify the molecule involved in each category (e.g. ECM: collagen, CAMs: cadherins, Cell junctions: desmosomes). Include images to illustrate the process. Category Developmental Process Image ECM 1 2 CAMs 1 2 Cell Junctions 1 2Describe how cells know whether sister kinetochores are properly attached to the mitotic spindle.